Group Theory
Definitions :
Binary Oration :
Let A be any non-empty set. Then a
symbol is called a binary operation on A, if
A is closed under .
i.e. a,b A a b A
Or a b A, a,b A
Example: Consider the set of Natural numbers
N = {1,2,3,4,…….}
Binary operation addition and multiplication are
binary operation on N
i.e. are binary portion on N.
Because
a b=a+b
and a b = a b
3, 4 N , 3 + 4=7 N
3, 4 N , 3 4 =12 N
Therefore + and are binary portion on N.
While are not binary oprtion on N
Binary operations are generally denoted by ,
+ , . Etc.
Algebraic structure ( Algebraic System):
A non empty set A together with a binary operation
is called an algebraic structure and it is written as
( A, ).
Group : Let G be a non –empty set on which binary
operation is defined .Then G is called a group
if the following four properties are satisfied.
(a) Closure Property( G1)
a b Aa b A
(b) Associative property ( G2)
a ,b,c A (a b) c = a (b c)
( c) Existence of Identity ( G3)
There exists an element e G such that
a e=a=e a
( d) Existence of Inverse ( G4)
For every a G, there exists an element
b G such that a b = e = b a
here b is called the inverse of a
there fore
Abelian or Commutative group :
A group G is said to be abelian
if a , b G a b = b a
A group which is not abelian is called
non-abelian group or non Commutative .
Finite Group : A group G is said to be
finite if it contains finite number of
elements , otherwise it is called infinite
group
Order of a group : The number of elements
in a finite group G is called order of group
an
it is denoted by O(G) .
Examples:
1.Consider N = { 1,2,34……. } set of natural
Number .
Is this a group for addition , multiplication?
2. Z = { Set of integers .
Is this a group for addition , multiplication?
3 Q = { set b of rational number .
4. R= Set of real number
5. C = { a+ib, a,b } Set of complex number .
Are this a group under addition?
Are this a group under multiplication?
6. G = { 0,1,-1}
Is G is a group under usual addition?
Is G is a group under usual
multiplication?
7. G = { 1,-1}
Is G is a group under usual
multiplication?
8. Let G be the set of 22 matrix where
ad-bc and a,b,c,d Q. Show that G is a
group under matrix multiplication.
Q. Let G be the set of all 22 matrix where
a and b are real numbers not both zero
such that . show that G is an abelian group
under matrix multiplication .
Q . Prove that cube root of unity forms a
group under multiplication.
Q. Prove that fourth roots of unity forms
an abelian group under multiplication.
Q. If * is binary operation defined on by
a*b = , a,b , then prove that (,*) forms a
group.
Q. Show that the set A={1,2,3} under
multiplication moduio 4 is not a group but
B = { 1,2,3,4} under multiplication modulo
5 is a group.
Q . Check whether ( z,*) is a group where
the operation * is defined a*b = a + b – ab
a,b Z.
Q. Prove that the set { 0,1,2,3,4,} is a
finite abelian group of order 5 under
addition modulo 5 as composition.
Q. Prove that the set {1,2,3,4,5,6} of
order 6 is a finite abelian group under
multiplication modulo 7 as composition.
Q. Let (Q,*) be an algebraic structure
where x*y = . Determine which of the
following properties hold for this
structur.
(i) Closure (ii) Commutative (iii)
Associative (iv) Identity (v) Inverse .
Q . Let G = { (a,b)| a,b Define a binary
operation * on G by
(a,b) * (c,d) = ( ac, bc+d } for all (a,b) ,
(c,d)Show that ( G, *) is a group.
Q. Show that the matrices , , , forms a
multiplicative abelian group.
Theorems on Group.
If G is a group , then
(i) For every a
(ii) For all a,b G,
Q Show that if G is abelian group then
a,b G for every integer n.
Q. If G is a group such that , then show
that G must be an abelian group.
Q.Prove that for any element a in a
group G if , then g must be an abelian
group.
Order of an element:
Let ( G,*) be a group and a G . Then the
least positive integer n( if exists) such that
is called the order of a. Here e is the
identity element of G.
The order of an element a G is denoted
by O(a).
If O(a)=n , then .
Q . Find the order of each element of the
groups G = { 1, and G = { 1, -1, i, -i} , with
respect to multiplication.
Q. Find the order of each elements of the
group G = { 0,1,2,3} with addition modulo4.
Q. The order of an element of group is sme
as that of its inverse.
Homomorphism of groups:
Let G and be any two group. A function
is said to be a group homomorphism if
f(ab) = f(a). f(b) , a,b A
Isomorphism of Group :
A homomorphism is said to be an
isomorphism if f is one-one.
i,.e. f(a)= f(b) a= b
Groupoid : Let G be a non empty set and *
be a binary operation on G . Then the
algebraic structure ( G, *) is called a
groupoid if the operation * satisfies closure
property.
G1 : a,b G a*b G
Semi group : Let G be a non empty set and *
be a binary operation on G .Then the
algebraic structure ( G, *) is called a semi
group if the operation * satisfies closuer n
associative property .
G1 : a,b G a*b G
G2: a ,b,c A (a b) c = a (b c)
Sub -Algebra : Let ( G, *) be nan algebraic
structure and be closed under the operation *.
Then (,*) is called a sub algebra of ( G, *) .
Monoid : Let G be a non empty set and * be a
binary operation on G . Then the algebraic
structure ( G, *) is called a monid if the following
properties are satisfies .
(i) G1 ( Closure): a,b G a*b G
(ii) G2( Associative): a ,b,c A (a b) c = a (b c)
(iii) G3: ( Identity) : There exists an element e G
such that
a e=a=e aa G
Semi group Homomorphism
Let (G,*) and (.) be any two semi-group. Where *
and . be binary operations. A mapping such that
a,b G f(a*b) = f(a).f(b) is called a semi-group
homomorphism.
A homomorphism of a semi – group into it self is
called semi-group endomorphism.
Semi – Group Isomorphism :
Let (G,*) and (.) be any two semi-group. Where *
and . be binary operations.
Then homomorphism is called a semi- group
isomorphism if f is one-one and onto.
Monoid Homomorphism:
Let (G,*) and (.) be any to monoids where *
and . be binary operations and and denote the
identity elements of (G,*) and (.) respectively .
Then a mapping such that a,b G f(a*b) = f(a).f(b)
and f() = is called monoid homomorphism.
Sub-Semigroup: A set is said to be a sub
semigroup ( G,*) if of the semigroup if
Sub Monoid: A set is said to be a sub monoid
of the monoid (g,*) , if itself is a monoid
under the operation*.
