Field report

Introduction

Literature review and theoretical

framework

Field report Research methodology

Result

Reference list
 Purpose • Overreaching focus or goal
stateme
of your study
nt
Introduction Researc • Its scope is manageable
h • It is ethical to investigate
question
s the problem
  Major published works about your
area of interest
 A large part of what you need to
know about writing good problem
Review of statement, with its supporting
literature background and significance, will
come from what you read
 Literature is essential in guiding
the research method of your
study, planning your data analysis
 • It establishes the context
of our study and is a
First
prerequisite for
• establishing
By reviewinggenerativity
the
literature, you will come
Review of to understand the history
of your area of inquiry, be
literature Second able to identify the key
theories and researchers
and build a strong
theoretical foundation for
your study
Third It helps to identify appropriate
research strategies, data
collection instruments
 Using
bibliographic
database
Key
Focus on well-
consideratio cited authors
ns in ROL
Identify primary
and secondary
sources
 Research method
qual
• quan

Data collection
Research tools
• interview
questionnaire

methodolog
y
sampling
random
• Non-random
 presentatio • tables, figures
n
Result interpretai • Make claims about their meaning
on and significance
Reference
list
APA referencing
7th edition
Part 2:
Managing There are 3 ways to incorporate material from a source
Your into your paper:
● Direct quote
Sources: ● Paraphrase
Quoting ● Combination paraphrase and quote

and
Paraphrasi
ng
 Parenthetical citation: If you do not name the author in

the text of your paper, the in-text citation should look like

this:

Direct
“Musical improvisation is also commonly used to help with communication. Some children with ASD are

nonverbal, so it is important to find ways for them to communicate nonverbally” (Crane, 2016, p. 116).

quote  ● Note that the citation comes after the quotation marks.
 ● Also note that the citation contains the name of the author,
followed by a comma, followed by the date of publication.
 ● Note that a page number is included when citing a direct
quote. Pay attention to the formatting of the page number.
 ● Note that the period comes after the citation.
  Narrative citation: If you do name the author in the text
of your paper, the in-text citation should look like this:

 Crane (2016) states, “musical improvisation is also commonly used to help with communication. Some children

with ASD are nonverbal, so it is important to find ways for them to communicate nonverbally” (p. 116).

Direct  ● Note that the date appears in parentheses immediately after

quote the author’s name.

continued
 ● Note that the page number is included in parentheses

immediately after the quote.

 ● Note that the period at the end of the sentence comes after
the final parenthesis that contains the page number.
 Use long quotations sparingly. For quotations of 40 or more
words:

Direct  ●
 ●
Start a block quotation on a new line
Indent the block quotation 0.5 inches from the left
quote margin
 ● Double space the entire block quotation
that is 40  ●Do not use quotation marks around the block
or more quotation
 ●You can cite the source in parentheses after the
words quotation’s final punctuation. OR you can cite the
author and year in the narrative before the
quotation and place only the page number in
parentheses after the quotation’s final punctuation.
 ●In either case, do not add a period after the
closing parenthesis.
 The numbered comments provide instructions for formatting
long quotations.
Note: The citation for this direct quote does not contain page numbers because

Example the source is a website, and there are no page numbers on the website.

of a direct
quote that
is 40 or
more
words
 Most of the time, you will want to paraphrase the information
you take from sources. But what does it mean to
paraphrase?
● To paraphrase, change the wording found in the source into
your own words
Paraphras ● Also change the structure of the sentence

e ● According to APA, you do not have to provide a page

number in the citation when you paraphrase. You can include
page numbers for longer works, such as books, so that your
reader can find the information in the source if they wish to.

 *See the next 2 slides for further information and examples.

Part 3: What are in-text citations?
Managin ● In-text citations are a method of acknowledging that
you have taken information or ideas from a source -

g the
i.e., a journal article, book, website, or some other
source

Sources: ● They include the author(s) and date of publication of

the work you are citing

In-text ● For quoted material, they also include the page

number

citations
  The Rule:
 According to the APA manual section 8.1

What Appropriate Level of Citation:

 “Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas,
sources theories, or research have directly influenced your
work. The works you cite provide key background
should I information, support or dispute your thesis, or offer
critical definitions and data. Cite only works that you

cite? have read and ideas that you have incorporated into
your writing.”

  Cite your sources using what the APA calls the author-
date citation system.
 The APA manual section 8.10 Author-Date Citation System
says: “In this system, each work used in a paper has two
parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list

How
entry.”
 These two parts work together:

should I  ●The in-text citation identifies, for your reader, the source
from which you got the information, ideas, or other material

cite my
that you have included in a specific part of your paper.
 ●The in-text citation corresponds to a source listed on your

sources?
reference list.

 The reference list is the part of the paper where you list
the sources you used for the paper, and provide all of the
publication information for each source.
 The reference list identifies each of the sources that you
used so that your reader can locate those sources should they
wish to access them.
 There are 2 forms of in-text
What citations:
form ● The parenthetical citation, where the author(s)
and date appear in parentheses
should I ● The narrative citation, where name(s) of the

use for author(s) appear in the text of your paper, and the
date appears in parentheses next to the author(s)’s

my in- name(s)

text *The following slides provide rules and

citations? examples for in-text citations.
 The Rule:
 According to the APA manual section 8.17 Number of Authors to
Include in In-text Citations:
 “For a work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every
citation.”
 Citing the source:
 Parenthetical citation: If you do not name the author in the text of
your paper, the in-text citation should look like this:
Access to health care is a significant concern among Latinos. Participants in one study said that they delayed seeking medical care

“until their pain was unbearable.” Among those who went to a doctor, some reported that just one visit cost as much as a week’s salary.

Participants in this study expressed the need for an affordable, comprehensive health insurance that would cover all of their medical

needs, including regular doctor visits (Ayon, 2014, p. 17).

 Narrative citation: If you do name the author in the text of your

paper, the in-text citation should look like this:
 Ayon (2014) found that access to health care is a significant concern among Latinos. Participants in one study

said that they delayed seeking medical care “until their pain was unbearable.” Among those who went to a

doctor, some reported that just one visit cost as much as a week’s salary. Participants in this study expressed the

need for an affordable, comprehensive health insurance that would cover all of their medical needs, including

regular doctor visits (p. 17).

Citing a source with 2 authors
 The Rule:
According to the APA manual section 8.17 Number of Authors to Include in
In-text Citations:
“For a work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every
citation.”
 Citing the source:

 Parenthetical citation: If you do not name the author in the text of

your paper, the in-text citation should look like this:

 Black children are overrepresented in the child welfare system because they are referred more than white children. One

way to address this benevolent oppression is to include bias training for social workers who provide direct services to

children (Kelly & Varghes, 2018).

 Narrative citation: If you do name the author in the text of your

paper, the in-text citation should look like this:
 Kelly and Varghes (2018) argue that one way to address the benevolent oppression of Black children in the child welfare

system is to include bias training for social workers who provide direct services to children.
Citing a source with 3 or more authors
 The Rule:
 According to the APA manual section 8.17 Number of Authors to
Include in In-text Citations:
 “For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first
author plus ‘et al.’ in every citation, including the first citation, unless
doing so would create ambiguity.”
 Citing the source:

 Parenthetical citation: If you do not name the author in the text of your paper,
the in-text citation should look like this:
 Research suggests that poor emotion regulation skills can impede successful social interactions, a finding that has implications for children with ASD (Berkovits et al.,

2017).

 Narrative citation: If you do name the author in the text of your paper, the in-
text citation should look like this:
 Berkovits et al. (2017) found that poor emotion regulation skills can impede successful social interactions, a finding that has implications for children with ASD.
  The Rule:
 According to the APA manual section 8.14 An Unknown or
Anonymous Author:
 ● Use the title and publication year in your in-text citation.

Citing a  ● If the title is italicized in the references list, then italicize it in the in-
text citation.

source  ● If it’s not italicized in the references list, then put it in double
quotation marks in the in-text citation.

with no  Example:
 Jordan Frye, who received her MSSW in 2016, emphasized the importance of flexibility during the pandemic. Ms. Frye normally works in
community development, but she has had to re-focus to help meet immediate needs of food and other basic necessities. She calls this

identified practice “holding the line,” which, she says, is “a kind of assertiveness which is basic to social work…I’ve had to do it every week when
reminding people about effectively implementing safety protocols. It can be hard to hold the line, but I think of it as an act of compassion”
(“Social work alumni redefine essential care during pandemic,” 2020).

author  *Note: If the title is long, you may shorten it in your in-text citation, like this:
(“Social work alumni,” 2020).

 * Note: The citation for this direct quote does not contain page numbers because
the source is a website, and there are no page numbers on the website.


Groups as authors
If an agency or other group is responsible for writing the material from the
source, then that agency or group serves as the author, and that agency or
group is called a group author. This situation is common on websites. In the
example below, the National Association of Social Workers is the agency that has
authored the source.
 Citing the source:

 Parenthetical citation: If you do not name the author in the text of your paper,
the in-text citation should look like this:
 Social workers have to recognize that they are in a position of “privilege and power” and must be aware of how their position may impact their work (National

Association of Social Workers, 2015, p. 5).

 Narrative citation: If you do name the author in the text of your paper, the in-
text citation should look like this:
 The National Association of Social Workers (2015) encourages social workers to recognize that they are in a position of “privilege and power” and to be aware of how

their position might impact their work with clients (p. 5).
  The Rule:
 According to the APA manual Table 9.1 How to Create a
Reference When Information Is Missing:
 Write “n.d.” for “no date.”
 Citing the source:

Citing a  Parenthetical citation: If you do not name the author in the text
of your paper, the in-text citation should look like this:
source  Intervention should begin as soon as possible, and families or individuals should look into the available therapy options and

with no choose the one that will work best for them. (Autism Society of America, n.d.)

 Narrative citation: If you do name the author in the text of your

date paper, the in-text citation should look like this:

 The Autism Society of America (n.d.) advises that intervention should begin as soon as possible, and families or individuals

should look into the available therapy options and choose the one that will work best for them.
 Citing a government report
Many types of government reports are available on government websites. If the report has no author, then use the

government agency as the group author (see slide 31 for a discussion of groups as authors). In the examples

below, the group author is the United States Department of Justice. Note: The citation for this direct quote does not

contain page numbers because the source is a website, and there are no page numbers on the website.
 Citing the source:
 Parenthetical citation: If you do not name the author in the text of your paper, the in-text citation should look like
this:

Federally-funded schools are required to provide each child, regardless of ability, with equal access to the school and to any activities or programs that it offers. “’All children deserve access to

educational services, and making sure that schools are fully accessible to children with disabilities is a necessary part of integrating individuals with disabilities into all aspects of American

life,’” according to Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division (United States Department of Justice, 2011).
 Narrative citation: If you do name the author in the text of your paper, the in-text citation should look like this:

 The United States Department of Justice (2011) determined that federally-funded schools are required to provide each child, regardless of ability, with equal access to the school and to any

activities or programs that it offers. “’All children deserve access to educational services, and making sure that schools are fully accessible to children with disabilities is a necessary part of

integrating individuals with disabilities into all aspects of American life,’” according to Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division.
Citing a personal communication
 What is a personal communication?
 The APA manual section 8.9 Personal
Communications “identifies personal
communications as ‘works that cannot be recovered
by readers.’ That means that readers don’t have
access to those works.”
Personal communications include the following:
● Interviews that you conduct with someone
● Emails, text messages, and telephone conversations
● Live speeches
● Unrecorded classroom lectures
● Memos and letters
● Messages from nonarchived discussion groups or online
bulletin boards
Citing a personal communication,
● Cite personal continued
communications in the text of your paper only
● Do not include personal communications in your reference list
For the intext citation:
● Provide the initial(s) of the person’s first name, or first and
middle name
● Provide the person’s last name (surname)
● Provide the date on which the communication took place. If
you are unsure of the exact date, the APA manual advises you to
“provide as exact a date as possible” (section 8.9 Personal
Communications).
Use the following formats:
 Parenthetical citation: If you do not name the author in the
text of your paper, the in-text citation should look like this:
 (J. Gonzalez, personal communication, April 24, 2020)

 Narrative citation: If you do name the author in the text of

your paper, the in-text citation should look like this:

 As J. Gonzalez noted in a recent telephone conversation, (personal communication, August 8, 2019)…

Part 4: Managing
What is the Yourreference Sources:list?
Reference list
The reference list is a list of the sources you have
cited throughout your paper.
The reference list appears on a separate page at the
end of your paper.
The heading References appears at the top of the
page, centered and bold face. Capitalize the R in
References.
Each item on your reference list should, generally,
contain the following:
● Author(s)’s name(s)
● Date of publication
● Title of the work
● Relevant publication information
Sample
reference
list
  Look at the sample reference list in the previous slide.
 ● The reference list is a list of entries. Each entry is a
source that you cited in your paper.
About  ● Notice that the first line of each entry is flush with
the paper’s left margin.
hanging  ● Notice that the other lines of each entry are

indents indented.
 ● This indentation is called a hanging indent.

 *The next slide shows you how to format a hanging

indent.
 How to format a hanging indent
● Put your cursor on the line that you want to indent
● Go to the Paragraph section of your Home page
● Click to open the menu
● Under Indentation, find Special
● Open the drop-down menu and choose Hanging
 Alphabetize your reference list
Alphabetize the entries on your reference list according to the last name of the first author.
Alphabeti
zing if a
source
has no
author
 *Note: For this slide and the slides that follow, the instructions are included in the comments inserted on the pages.
Alphabetizi
ng when 2
sources
begin with
the same
letter
How to format the author’s name and the date of
publication if the source has only one author
How to
format the
authors’
names and
the date of
publication if
the source
has two
authors
How to format
the authors’
names and
the date of
publication if
the source
has more
than two
authors
  What is a group author?
 Nonprofit organizations and government agencies
often act as the authors of material that they make
available to the public. That information may appear
on the organization’s or agency’s website. Or it may
appear in pamphlets, books, or other publications.

Group  How do I know if my source was written

by a group author?
authors  Check the source to see if any individual authors are
listed anywhere. If you don’t see individual authors’
names, then treat the organization or agency as a
group author.

 *See the next slide for an example of a source

with a group author.
Group
authors,
continued
*See the next slide for additional
instructions.
How to
format the
title of an
article in a
scholarly
journal
How to
format
the title
of a
scholarly
journal
How to
format the
volume,
issue, and
page
numbers of
a journal
The digital object identifier (doi)

 What is a doi?
 The letters doi stand for Digital
Object Identifier. Many articles
from online databases have a doi.
 Where do I find the doi?
 The doi often appears at the
bottom of the article’s pages, as
indicated by the arrow in the
photo image shown at the right.
 *See the next slide for
instructions on how to include the
doi in your reference list.
How to
include
the doi in
your
reference
entry
How to
format
the
 Theentry
author and date:

for a
The publication information:
book
How to
format the
entry for a
book with
an edition
How to
format an
article or
chapter
from a book
with an
editor
* See the next slide for additional
instructions.
How to format
an article or
chapter from a
book with an
editor,
continued
Example of
the format
for a
webpage
with a
group
author
See slide 31 for a
discussion of groups
as authors.
Example of
the format
for a
webpage  Use the words “Retrieved from” only when the contents of a webpage are
that requires designed to change over time but are not archived. Also include a retrieval
date. Use the formatting rules provided in the comments in the example
a retrieval below.

date  In this example, the data is taken from the United States Census Bureau. The
Bureau tracks population numbers, and so that data is designed to change
over time.
  The author for this source is the United States
Department of Justice (see slide 31 for a discussion of

How to groups as authors). Put that government agency

name in the author position. The inserted comments
provide further instructions.
format
the entry
for a
governm
ent report