Revision

Main topic heading

complete
Selection of materials or components
Forces and stresses
Ecological and social footprint
Sources and origins
Using and working with materials
Stock forms, types and sizes
Scales of production
Specialist techniques and processes
Surface treatments and finishes
Investigation, primary and secondary data
Environmental, social and economic
challenge
The work of others
Design strategies
Communication of design ideas
Prototype development
Selection of materials and components
Tolerances
Materials management
Specialist tools and equipment
Specialist techniques and processes
 Selection of materials or components
Key Points Key Words
• Many factors affect the Bulk buying
functionality of textile When materials or products are
products bought in large quantities they
• Choosing fabrics and usually cost less per unit than
components carefully can buying just a few. This is because
protect the environment and the costs of setting up the
the well-being of people who manufacturing are the same no
make them matter how many are made.
• Styles of clothing are often
dictated by social and
cultural factors Forces and stresses
Key Points Key Words
• There are five main types of
force that can act upon any
object or structure: tension,
compression, shear, bending
and torsion
• Some materials are better at
resisting certain forces
• Materials can be reinforced
and stiffened in order to
resist certain forces
Ecological and social footprint
Key Points Key Words
• Deforestation is where large Mining
areas of trees are cut down, The extraction of minerals and
often due to mining, drilling , metals from ground
farming, or logging Drilling
• Mining can damage the The process of making a hole in
environment and causes the Earth’s surface, usually to
related problems for local extract liquids or gas
people Farming
• Farming uses about 70 per The use of land for growing crops
cent of the worlds useable or keeping animals for food
water supply, which means Eutrophication
less is available for other Excessive nutrients in a body of
purposes. water, often caused by fertilisers
Deforestation
Large areas of trees cut down,
often due to mining, drilling,
 Sources and origins
Key Points Key Words
• Cotton is a natural cellulose fibre that
comes from the ripened seeds found inside
bolls, from s bushy plant grown in tropical
parts of the world
• Wool hair fibre sheared from a sheep or
other fleecy animal. It is sent to a mill to be
cleaned and scoured to remove grease and
dirt, graded and sorted for quality, carding
and combing to straighten the fibres and
then spinning to make yarn.
• Silk is a protein fibre that comes from the
cocoon of the silk caterpillar. The cocoon is
dropped in boiling water and the silk
filaments are unwound.
• Synthetic fibres are manufactured from oil-
or coal- based chemicals that made into a
polymer and melted to make a solution that
is spun into continuous lengths of fibre
• Fibres are usually twisted together to make
a yarnUsing and
before they areworking with materials
made into a fabric.

Key Points Key Words

• Fabric must be matched with their
properties and the requirements of the end
product
• The type of fabric and appearance must be
considered when choosing seams to use on
a product
• The type of fabric and appearance must be
considered when choosing seams to use on
a product
• Shaping is used to give from and ease to a
product
• Fibre and fabric properties can be modified
Stock
for specialist forms, types and
applications sizes
Key Points Key Words
• Yarns are made by plying two or more single
yarns together
• It is important to know the width of a fabric
when calculating quantities
• Trimmings and components are used for
functional and decorative purposes
 Scales of production
Key Points Key Words
• Production can be Prototype
categorised by the amount
An early sample, model, or release of
that is produced – this is
a product built to test a concept or
called scales of production
process
• One- off production is
Batch production
chosen wen a singleWhen a limited number of the same
product is made product is made during a particular
• Batch production is chosen
period of time
when several of the same
Down time
product are required
When a machine has stopped
before the design of the
working and no products are being
product needs to change
made. This could be for
• Mass production is used
maintenance, because the machine
when a large number of
has developed a fault, or the time
the same product are
taken to set the machine up for a
needed. It uses a well-
new operation
organised production line
One-off production
• Continuous production is
When just one complete product is
good when the cost of
produced
starting the business and
Mass production
running the necessary
Manufacturing in large quantities
equipment is high. The
over a long period of time. This
product needs a constant
typically uses a production line
and steady demand. Continuous production
Specialist techniques and processes
Runs constantly and is highly
automated
Key Points Key Words
• Pattern templates are developed from
basic blocks in standardised sizes
• Many layers of fabric are cut out at
once in commercial manufacture
• Commercial machinists usually work
on specific sections of a product
before passing it on to someone else
who makes a different part of the
product
• Computer control is used in industry
to carry out identical and repetitive
processes
• Quality control is am important part of
manufacture to make sure that
products are made to the quality
 Surface treatments and finishes
Key Points Key Words
• Colour and pattern can be applied to fabric
with dyeing and printing
• Chemical finishes can improve the
performance characteristics of fabrics
• Stain and water-repellent finishes can
keep products cleaner for longer

Investigation, primary and secondary data

Key Points Key Words
• Market research is carried out to gain an Primary research
understanding of the target market for a Any type of research
product where you collect
• Interviews, questionnaires and focus new information
groups are examples of primary research yourself (for
methods that use questions to find out example, through
what people are thinking interviews, surveys
• A designer must take into account human or observations)
factors when designing products, including Secondary
physiological, psychological and research
sociological factors Gathering existing
• Anthropometrics is a record of human data that has already
measurements that is very useful to been produced (for
anyone who intends to produce something example, using
that will be used by a large number of books, newspapers,
people magazines or the
• A design brief describes the problem or internet)
situation that needs a design solution Human factors
• When you have completed initial research, Considerations that
you will have answers to many of the are concerned with
questions that you set yourself at the people
beginning of your project. These answers Ergonomics
will influence ideas for you project, and The relationship
you may not have all the answers. Further between people and
ongoing research may be needed during products, and how
the design process they use and interact
• A design specification contains all the with them
information necessary to make the product
• As designers work through projects and
make attempts to solve the problems, new
problems may be found which change how
the design brief is understood
 Environmental, social and economic challenge
Key Points Key Words
• Designers have the responsibility for Deforestation
choosing their materials and processes Large areas of trees
carefully, so as to have the least impact on cut down, often due
the environment and vulnerable to mining, drilling,
communities farming or logging
• Deforestation can be avoided with the FSC
correct management of forests. Designers The forest
can choose to use FSC materials, which are stewardship council
wood, paper or board that has been taken Fairtrade mark
from sustainable and well-managed forests The mark that
• Fair trade products have been made by identifies products
communities who have been given a fair that have been
price for their goods. This offers some bought fairly
protection to these communities against
exploitation. The work of others
Key Points Key Words
• Design movements are particular styles with a Design
group of people. Within these design movements movement
these were key influential designers. A style of
• William Morris is famous for his furniture & design
wallpaper designs particularly
• Alexander McQueen, Coco Chanel, Vivienne popular with
Westwood and Mary Quant were all fashion a group of
designers of diff times and styles. people or
• Braun, Dyson, Apple and Alessi are successful within a
companies that still design products today period of
time
Design Strategies
Key Points Key
Words

• Negative feedback is used in a system to hold an output

at a fixed level, whereas positive feedback is used to
make sure that something happens by magnifying a
small change
• Hunting is when a system is trying to achieve something
but keeps overshooting the target and tries to correct but
overshoots again
• Flowcharts are used to show or plan sequences
• Complex systems can be split into sub-systems, which
simplifies both designing and testing
• When designing systems, look at the opportunities that
incorporating feedback would offer
• Modelling, whether actual or virtual, allows the system to
 Communication of design ideas
Key Points Key Words
• Freehand, isometric and Free hand sketching
perspective sketching Drawing done without the use of
techniques are used to rulers or drawing aids. It is a way
communicate design intent that a designer can quickly
• A rage of enhancement and express thoughts and ideas
rendering techniques can Isometric drawing
improve the communication Means equal measure.it is a
of design intent technique of presenting a design
sketch in three dimensions
Rendering
The addition of colour, or textures,
to enhance a sketch to better
communicate design intent

Prototype development
Key Points Key Words
• Prototypes are used to test and
modify design ideas
• Prototypes can e physical or virtual
models
• Prototypes often form part of the
agreement between a manufacturer
and client
• Prototypes can be used to show
innovative designs and check their
viability
• Rapid prototyping allows small
numbers of specialised products to be
made economically
• A rigorous testing and evaluation
scheme
Selectionis important
of to decide if the and
materials components
product design will be successful
Key Points Key Words
• The function of the product must be
considered when choosing fabrics and
components
• There is a huge variety of fabrics and
components available to suit all
budgets
• Fabrics and components can be
bought in many different outlets.
 Tolerances
Key Points Key Words
• Tolerances are the acceptable range of size a
product or part can be
• Tolerances are shown as + or – the acceptable
dimension
• Tolerances are important where components fit
together
• The smaller the tolerance the more accurate the
product
• More accurate tolerances will make a more
Materials management
consistent product, but may also increase
manufacturing costsKey Points Key Words
• Fabric layouts need to use fabric as economically
as possible to reduce costs
• Layouts need to be planned carefully to make sure
that any pattern is used effectively
• Seam and hem allowances need to eb included on
pattern templates
• It is important to place the straight grain line of the
pattern template parallel to the fabric selvedge

Specialist tools and equipment

Key Points Key Words
• Sewing machines can be used to perform many
different functions in the making and decorating of
textile products
• It is important to use the most appropriate tool for
the task in order to achieve a high-quality finish
• Care should be taken to use tools and equipment
efficiently and correctly
Specialist techniques and processes
Key Points Key Words
• Cutting fabric accurately on the correct grain is
important for the appearance and performance of
the product
• Pressing work as you go along can help achieve a
good finish
• The choice of construction and decorative
techniques affects the appearance and functioning
of the product