CSE141
Introduction
to Computer
Programming
Functions
Presented by: Dr. 1
Course Outline
1. An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages
2. Basic Elements of C++
3. Input/Output
4. Control Structures I (Selection)
5. Control Structures II (Repetition)
6. User-Defined Functions
7. User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces, and String
Type
8. Arrays and Strings
9. Structures
10.Recursion*
*Lecture slides are inspired by Prof. Mahmoud Khalil’s Lectures* 2
GENERAL NOTE
Hidden Slides are Extra
Knowledge
Not Included in Exams
Lecture Outline
◦ User-defined functions
◦ Random Numbers Generation
◦ Enum
◦ Identifier Scope
◦ Inline Functions
◦ Template Functions
4
Recap: Guess the output
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
double number, squareRoot;
number = 25.0;
squareRoot = sqrt(number);
cout << "Square root of " << number << " = " << squareRoot;
return 0;
}
5
Recap: Guess the output
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
Functions
int main()
{
double number, squareRoot;
number = 25.0;
squareRoot = sqrt(number);
cout << "Square root of " << number << " = " << squareRoot;
return 0;
}
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C++ Functions
A function is a block of code which only runs
when it is called.
Functions are used to perform certain actions,
and they are important for reusing code:
◦ Define the code once, and use it many times.
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C++ Functions
◦Modularize a program
◦Software reusability
◦Call function multiple times
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Program Components in C++
Modules: functions and classes
Programs use new and “prepackaged” modules
◦ New: programmer-defined functions, classes
◦ Prepackaged: from the standard library
Functions invoked by function call
◦ Function name and information (arguments) it needs
Function definitions
◦ Only written once
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Divide and Conquer
Construct a program from smaller pieces or
components.
Each piece more manageable than the original
program.
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Function Types
Standard Library Functions: Predefined in C++
User-defined Function: Created by developer
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C++ Function Declaration
returnType functionName (parameter1,
Data Comma
parameter2,...) separat
type of
ed
{ result Data
returned type
// function body (use needed
void if for
} nothing each
returned argume
) nt
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Example 1
void Welcome()
{
cout << "Hello World";
}
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Calling a Function
Boss to worker
#include <iostream> analogy
using namespace std; Work
er
void Welcome() A boss (the calling
{ function or caller) asks
cout << "Hello World";
} a worker (the called
function) to perform a
int main() Bos task and return (i.e.,
{ s report back) the
Welcome();
return 0; results when the task
} is done.
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Calling a Function
◦Parentheses an operator used to
call function
◦ Pass argument
◦ Function gets its own copy of arguments
◦After finished, passes back result
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Example 2
int add(int a, int b)
{
return (a + b);
}
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Example 2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, int b) Returns data,
{
return (a + b);
and control goes
} to function’s
int main() caller
{
int res = add(2, 3);
cout << res << endl;
return 0;
}
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Return
Returns data, and control goes to function’s
caller
◦ If no data to return, use return;
Function ends when reaches right brace
◦ Control goes to caller
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C++ Function Prototype
◦ In C++, the code of function declaration should be
before the function call.
◦ However, if we want to define a function after the
function call, we need to use the function prototype.
◦ Tells compiler argument type and return type of
function.
◦ Only needed if function definition after function call.
◦ Prototype must match function definition.
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Function Signature
Function prototype
double maximum( double, double, double );
Function signature
Definition
double maximum( double x, double y, double z )
{
…
}
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int, int);
int main()
{
int res = add(2, 3);
cout << res << endl;
return 0;
}
int add(int a, int b)
{
return (a + b);
}
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C++ Function Default Arguments
If we call the function without an
argument, it uses the default value.
If not enough parameters, rightmost go to
their defaults
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a = 7, int b = 8)
{
return (a + b);
}
int main()
{
int res = add();
cout << res << endl;
res = add(2);
cout << res << endl;
res = add(2, 3);
cout << res << endl;
return 0;
}
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// function prototype that specifies default arguments
int boxVolume( int length = 1, int width = 1, int height = 1 );
int main()
{
// no arguments--use default values for all dimensions
cout << "The default box volume is: " << boxVolume();
// specify length; default width and height
cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n" << "width 1 and height 1 is: " << boxVolume(10);
// specify length and width; default height
cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n“ << "width 5 and height 1 is: " << boxVolume(10, 5);
// specify all arguments
cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n“ << "width 5 and height 2 is: " << boxVolume(10, 5, 2) << endl;
return 0; // indicates successful termination
} // end main
// function boxVolume calculates the volume of a box
int boxVolume(int length, int width, int height)
{
return length * width * height;
} // end function boxVolume
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Local Variables & Parameters
Local variables
◦ Known only in the function in which they are defined.
◦ All variables declared in function definitions are local
variables.
Parameters
◦ Local variables passed to function when called.
◦ Provide outside information.
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a = 7, int b = 8)
{
int res = a + b;
res is a
return res;
} different
variable than
int main()
the one in main
{
int res = add();
cout << res << endl;
res = add(2);
cout << res << endl;
res = add(2, 3);
cout << res << endl;
return 0;
}
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Remember
Functions cannot be defined inside other
functions
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Find the output
on your own,
then compare the
result with the
given answer
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int square(int); // function prototype
int main()
{
for (int x = 1; x <= 10; x++)
{
cout << square(x) << " "; // function call
}
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
// square function definition returns square of an integer
int square(int y) // y is a copy of argument to function
{
return y * y; // returns square of y as an int
} // end function square
30
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int square(int); // function prototype
int main()
{
for (int x = 1; x <= 10; x++)
{
cout << square(x) << " "; // function call
}
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
// square function definition returns square of an integer
int square(int y) // y is a copy of argument to function
{
return y * y; // returns square of y as an int
} // end function square
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double maximum( double, double, double ); // function
prototype
int main()
{
double number1;
double number2;
double number3;
cout << "Enter three floating-point numbers: ";
cin >> number1 >> number2 >> number3;
// number1, number2 and number3 are arguments to
// the maximum function call
cout << "Maximum is: "
<< maximum(number1, number2, number3) << endl;
return 0;
}
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// function maximum definition x, y and z are parameters
double maximum(double x, double y, double z)
{
double max = x; // assume x is largest
if (y > max) // if y is larger,
max = y; // assign y to max
if (z > max) // if z is larger,
max = z; // assign z to max
return max; // max is largest value
} // end function maximum
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Argument Coercion
The Argument Coercion is one technique by
which the compiler can implicitly convert the
arguments from one type to another type.
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Argument Coercion
Force arguments to be of proper type
cout << sqrt(4)
◦ Converting int (4) to double (4.0)
Conversion rules
◦ Arguments usually converted automatically
◦ Changing from double to int can truncate data
◦ 3.4 to 3
◦ Mixed type goes to highest type (promotion)
36
Scope Rules
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Scope Rules
Scope?
◦ Portion of program where identifier can be used
File scope
◦ Defined outside a function, known in all functions
◦ Global variables, function definitions and prototypes
Function scope
◦ Can only be referenced inside defining function
Block scope
◦ Begins at declaration, ends at right brace }
◦ Can only be referenced in this range
◦ Local variables, function parameters
46
Example: Guess the Output
static next time
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Practice
Write a program that uses a function to read the employee salary and calculate
the taxes according to the following rules.
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