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Ch08 Lecture

Chapter 8 covers the biology of flowers, fruits, and seeds, detailing the differences between dicots and monocots, the structure of flowers, and the various types of fruits. It explains the processes of fruit and seed dispersal, as well as the development and germination of seeds. The chapter emphasizes the importance of environmental factors for germination and the variability in seed viability.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views30 pages

Ch08 Lecture

Chapter 8 covers the biology of flowers, fruits, and seeds, detailing the differences between dicots and monocots, the structure of flowers, and the various types of fruits. It explains the processes of fruit and seed dispersal, as well as the development and germination of seeds. The chapter emphasizes the importance of environmental factors for germination and the variability in seed viability.
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 8

Lecture Outline

Flowers, Fruits, and


Seeds

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Outline
 Introduction
 Differences Between Dicots and Monocots
 Structure of Flowers
 Fruits
 Fruit and Seed Dispersal
 Seeds
Introduction
 Annual plants - Cycle completed in single
season.
• Cycle = from seed germination to mature plant
producing seeds
 Biennial plants - Cycle completed in two
growing seasons.
 Perennial plants - Cycle takes several to many
growing seasons or plant produces flowers
on new growth, while other plant parts persist
indefinitely.
Differences Between Dicots and Monocots
 Two major classes of flowering plants:
• Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (monocots)

Dicots Monocots
Two cotyledons One cotyledon
Flower parts in multiples of four
Flower parts in multiples of three
or five
Leaves with distinct network of
Leaves with parallel primary veins
veins
Vascular cambium and cork Vascular cambium and cork
cambium present cambium absent
Vascular bundles of stem
Vascular bundles of stem in ring
scattered
Pollen grains with three
Pollen grains with one aperture
Structure of Flowers
 Flowers begin as embryonic primordium that
develops into a bud.
 Flowers occur as specialized branches at
tips of peduncles.
• May have branchlets of pedicels (stalk of single
flower)

 Receptacle - Swollen end of peduncle or


pedicel
• Other parts of flower attached to receptacle in
whorls: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil.
Structure of Flowers
 Sepals - Outermost whorl
• Collectively referred to as calyx
• Protects flower while in bud
 Petals - Next whorl inside sepals
• Collectively referred to as corolla
– Showy corollas attract pollinators.
– Inconspicuous or missing corollas in many trees, weeds,
grasses, and wind-pollinated plants

• Calyx and
corolla form
perianth in
monocots
Structure of Flowers
 Stamens attached around base of pistil.
• Each stamen consists of filament with anther at top.
– Pollen grains developed in anthers.

 Pistil consists of stigma, style, and ovary.


• Ovary develops into fruit.
Structure of Flowers
 Ovaries evolved from carpels with margins
rolled inward.
• Carpel - Leaf with ovules on margins
– Carpels may be fused together into compound ovary.
– Pistil can consist of one to several carpels.

 Superior Ovary - Calyx and corolla attached to


receptacle at base of ovary.
 Inferior Ovary - Receptacle grows up and around
the ovary.
• Calyx and corolla appear attached at top of ovary.
 Ovary contains ovules.
• Ovules develop into seeds after fertilization.
Structure of Flowers
 Flowers can be produced singly or in
inflorescences.
• Inflorescence - Group of flowers
Fruits
 Fruit - Matured ovary and its accessory parts
• Contains seeds
• All fruits develop from flower ovaries and
accordingly are found exclusively in flowering
plants.

Tomato
fruit
Fruits
 Fruit Regions
• Exocarp - Skin
• Endocarp -
Inner boundary
around seed(s)
• Mesocarp -
Tissue between
exocarp and
Peach fruit
endocarp
– Three regions collectively called pericarp.
Fruits
 Variability of fruits
• Can consist of only ovary and seeds
• Can include adjacent flower parts
• May be fleshy or dry at maturity
• May split or not split
• May be derived from a one or more ovaries
Fruits

Fleshy Fruits - Mesocarp at least partly fleshy
at maturity.

Simple fleshy fruits develop from flower with
single pistil.
• Drupe - Simple
fleshy fruit with
single seed
enclosed by hard,
stony endocarp (pit)
Drupes: peaches,
almonds, olives
Fruits
 Simple fleshy fruits
• Berry
– From compound ovary, with
more than one seed, and with
fleshy pericarp
– True berry - With thin skin and
relatively soft pericarp
o Tomatoes, grapes,
peppers, blueberries,
bananas
– Pepo - Relatively thick rind
o Pumpkins, cucumbers Grape berries
Fruits

– Pome - Flesh comes from


enlarged floral tube or
receptacle that grows up
around ovary.
o Endocarp papery or
leathery
o Apples, pears - Core
and a little of adjacent
Apple pomes
tissue is from ovary;
remainder is from floral
tube and receptacle
Fruits
 Dry Fruits - Mesocarp dry at maturity
• Dehisicent or indehiscent
 Dehiscent fruits - Split at Maturity
• Follicle - Splits
along one side
– Larkspur,
milkweed, peony
• Legume - Splits
along two sides
– Legume family:
peas, beans,
lentils, peanuts Milkweed follicle
Legumes
Fruits
 Dehiscent fruits
• Siliques and silicles - Split along two sides, but
seeds on central partition, which is exposed when
two halves separate.
– Silique - More than
three times longer
than wide
– Silicle - Less than
three times longer
than wide
– Mustard family:
broccoli, cabbage
Silicle

Silique
Fruits
 Dehiscent fruits
• Capsules - Consist of at least two carpels, and
split in a variety of ways
– Irises, poppies, violets, snapdragons

Capsules
Fruits
 Dry Fruits
 Indehiscent Fruits - Do Not Split at Maturity
• Single seed united with
pericarp
– Achene - Base of seed
attached to pericarp.
o Sunflower seed, Inside of
sunflower
buttercup, buckwheat achene

– Nut - Similar to achene,


but larger, with harder
and thicker pericarp, and
a cluster of bracts at base
o Acorns, hazelnuts,
Acorn
hickory nuts
Fruits
 Indehiscent Fruits
• Grain (Caryopsis) - Pericarp tightly
united with seed
– Grasses: corn, wheat, rice, oats, barley

• Samara - Pericarp extends Corn section


as wings for dispersal.
– Maples, ashes, elms

• Schizocarp - Twin
fruit that breaks
into one-seeded
Samaras
segments called
mericarps Schizocarp of mericarps
– Parsley family: carrots, anise, dill
Fruits
 Aggregate Fruits
• Derived from single
flower with several to
many pistils
– Individual pistils mature
as clustered unit on
single receptacle.
o Raspberries, blackberries, Blackberry aggregate fruits

strawberries
 Multiple Fruits
• Derived from several to
many individual flowers
in single inflorescence
– Mulberries, Osage orange,
pineapples, figs Osage orange multiple fruit
Fruit and Seed Dispersal
 Dispersal by Wind
• Fruits: Samaras,
plumes or hairs on
fruit
• Seeds: Small and
lightweight, or with
wings
Fruit and Seed Dispersal
 Dispersal by Animals
• Seeds pass through
digestive tract.
• Fruits and seeds adhere
to fur or feathers.
• Oils attract ants.
– Elaiosomes on bleeding
hearts used as food by Seeds from bleeding hearts.
ants. Elaiosome is white.

 Water Dispersal
• Some fruits contain trapped air for floatation.
Seeds
 Structure
• Ovules develop into seeds.
– Cotyledons - Food storage organs that function as
“seed leaves”
– Embryo = cotyledons and plantlet
– Plumule - Embryo shoot
– Epicotyl - Stem above
cotyledon attachment
– Hypocotyl - Stem below
cotyledon attachment
– Radicle - Tip of embryo
that develops into root Bean seed
Seeds
 Epigeous germination
• Hypocotyl
lengthens, bends
and becomes
hook-shaped.
• Top of hook
emerges from
ground, pulling
cotyledons
above ground.
Epigeous germination
 Hypogeous germination
• Hypocotyl remains short and cotyledons do not emerge
above surface.
Germination
 Germination is beginning or resumption of
seed growth.
• Some require period of dormancy.
– Brought about by mechanical or physiological factors,
including growth-inhibiting substances present in seed
coat or fruit
– Break dormancy by mechanical abrasion, thawing and
freezing, bacterial action, or soaking rains.
o Scarification - Artificially breaking dormancy
• After ripening - Embryo composed of only of few
cells when fruit ripens; seeds will not germinate
until embryo develops.
Germination
 Favorable environmental factors needed for
germination.
• Water and oxygen
• Light or its absence
• Proper temperature range

 Enzymes in cytoplasm begin to function


after water is imbibed.
Longevity
 Seed viability varies,
depending on species
and storage conditions.
• Viability extended:
– At low temperatures
– When kept dry
 Vivipary - No period of
dormancy; embryo
continues to grow while
fruit is still on parent.
Vivipary in red mangrove
Review
 Introduction
 Differences Between Dicots and Monocots
 Structure of Flowers
 Fruits
 Fruit and Seed Dispersal
 Seeds

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