Chapter 12
Temperature and
Heat
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12.1 Common Temperature Scales
Temperatures are reported in degrees
Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit.
Temperature changes, on the
other hand, are reported in Celsius
degrees or Fahrenheit degrees:
9
1 C F
5
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12.1 Common Temperature Scales
Example 1 Converting from a Fahrenheit to a Celsius Temperature
A healthy person has an oral temperature of 98.6 oF. What would this
reading be on the Celsius scale?
degrees above ice point
98.6 F 32 F 66.6 F
1 C
66.6 F 9 37.0 C
5F
0 C 37.0 C 37.0 C
ice point
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12.1 Common Temperature Scales
Example 2 Converting from a Celsius to a Fahrenheit Temperature
A time and temperature sign on a bank indicates that the outdoor
temperature is -20.0oC. Find the corresponding temperature on
the Fahrenheit scale.
degrees below ice point
95 F
20.0 C 36.0 F
1C
32.0 F 36.0 F 4.0 F
ice point
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12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
Kelvin temperature
T Tc 273.15
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12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
A constant-volume gas
thermometer.
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12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
absolute zero point = -273.15oC
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12.3 Thermometers
Thermometers make use of the change in some physical property with temperature.
A property that changes with temperature is called a thermometric property.
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
NORMAL SOLIDS
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
L Lo
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF A SOLID
The length of an object changes when its temperature changes:
L Lo T
coefficient of
linear expansion
1
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion:
C
C
1
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
Example 3 The Buckling of a Sidewalk
A concrete sidewalk is constructed between
two buildings on a day when the temperature
is 25oC. As the temperature rises to 38oC,
the slabs expand, but no space is provided for
thermal expansion. Determine the distance y
in part (b) of the drawing.
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
L Lo T
3.0 m 13 C 0.00047 m
12 10 6 C
1
y 3.00047 m 3.00000 m 0.053 m
2 2
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
Example 4 The Stress on a Steel Beam
The beam is mounted between two
concrete supports when the temperature
is 23oC. What compressional stress
must the concrete supports apply to
each end of the beam, if they are
to keep the beam from expanding
when the temperature rises to 42oC?
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
L Lo T
F L
Stress Y Y T
A Lo
11
2.0 10 N m 12 10 2
6
C 19 C 4.7 10
1 7
N m2
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
THE BIMETALLIC STRIP
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
THE EXPANSION OF HOLES
Conceptual Example 5 The Expansion of Holes
The figure shows eight square tiles that are arranged to form a square pattern
with a hold in the center. If the tiled are heated, what happens to the size of the
hole?
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
A hole in a piece of solid material expands when heated and contracts when
cooled, just as if it were filled with the material that surrounds it.
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
Conceptual Example 7 Expanding Cylinders
Each cylinder is made from a different material.
All three have the same temperature and they
barely fit inside each other.
As the cylinders are heated to the same,
but higher, temperature, cylinder C falls
off, while cylinder A becomes tightly wedged
to cylinder B.
Which cylinder is made from which material?
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12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION
The volume of an object changes when its temperature changes:
V Vo T
coefficient of
volume expansion
1
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume Expansion:
C
C
1
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12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
Example 8 An Automobile Radiator
A small plastic container, called the coolant reservoir, catches
the radiator fluid that overflows when an automobile engine
becomes hot. The radiator is made of
copper and the coolant has an
expansion coefficient of
4.0x10-4 (Co)-1. If the radiator
is filled to its 15-quart capacity
when the engine is cold (6oC),
how much overflow will spill into the
reservoir when the coolant reaches its
operating temperature (92oC)?
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12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
Vcoolant 4.10 10 4
C 15 quarts86 C 0.53 quarts
1
Vradiator 5110 6
C 15 quarts86 C 0.066 quarts
1
Vspill 0.53 quarts 0.066 quarts 0.46 quarts
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12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
Expansion of water.
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12.6 Heat and Internal Energy
DEFINITION OF HEAT
Heat is energy that flows from a higher-
temperature object to a lower-temperature
object because of a difference in temperatures.
SI Unit of Heat: joule (J)
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12.6 Heat and Internal Energy
The heat that flows from hot to cold
originates in the internal energy of
the hot substance.
It is not correct to say that a substance
contains heat.
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12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE TEMPERATURE
OF A SUBSTANCE
The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the temperature of
a substance is
Q mcT
specific heat
capacity
Common Unit for Specific Heat Capacity: J/(kg·Co)
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12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
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12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
Example 9 A Hot Jogger
In a half-hour, a 65-kg jogger can generate 8.0x10 5J of heat. This heat
is removed from the body by a variety of means, including the body’s own
temperature-regulating mechanisms. If the heat were not removed, how
much would the body temperature increase?
Q mcT
Q 8.0 105 J
T 3 . 5 C
mc 65 kg 3500 J kg C
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12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
GASES
The value of the specific heat of a gas depends on whether the pressure or
volume is held constant.
This distinction is not important for solids.
OTHER UNITS
1 kcal = 4186 joules
1 cal = 4.186 joules
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12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
CALORIMETRY
If there is no heat loss to the surroundings,
the heat lost by the hotter object equals the
heat gained by the cooler ones.
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12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
Example 12 Measuring the Specific Heat Capacity
The calorimeter is made of 0.15 kg of aluminum
and contains 0.20 kg of water. Initially, the
water and cup have the same temperature
of 18.0oC. A 0.040 kg mass of unknown
material is heated to a temperature of
97.0oC and then added to the water.
After thermal equilibrium is reached, the
temperature of the water, the cup, and the
material is 22.0oC. Ignoring the small amount
of heat gained by the thermometer, find
the specific heat capacity of the
unknown material.
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12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
mcT Al mcT water mcT unknown
cunknown
mcT Al mcT water
mT unknown
9.00 10 J kg C 0.15 kg 4.0 C 4186 J kg C 0.20 kg 4.0 C
2
0.040 kg 75.0 C
1300 J kg C
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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
THE PHASES OF MATTER
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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
During a phase change, the temperature of the mixture does not
change (provided the system is in thermal equilibrium).
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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
Conceptual Example 13 Saving Energy
Suppose you are cooking spaghetti for dinner, and the instructions
say “boil pasta in water for 10 minutes.” To cook spaghetti in an open
pot using the least amount of energy, should you turn up the burner
to its fullest so the water vigorously boils, or should you turn down
the burner so the water barely boils?
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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE PHASE
OF A SUBSTANCE
The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the phase
of a mass m of a substance is
Q mL
latent heat
SI Units of Latent Heat: J/kg
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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
Example 14 Ice-cold Lemonade
Ice at 0oC is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing 0.32 kg of lemonade
at 27oC. The specific heat capacity of lemonade is virtually the same as
that of water. After the ice and lemonade reach an equilibrium
temperature, some ice still remains. Find the mass of the melted ice.
Assume that mass of the cup is so small that it absorbs a negligible
amount of heat.
mL
f ice
cmT lemonade
Heat gained Heat lost by
by melted ice lemonade
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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
mL
f ice
cmT lemonade
Heat gained Heat lost by
by melted ice lemonade
mice melted
cmT lemonade
Lf
4186 J kg C 0.32 kg 27 C 0 C
0.11 kg
3.35 105 J kg
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12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
The pressure of vapor that coexists in equilibrium with the liquid is
called the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid.
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12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
Only when the temperature and vapor pressure correspond to a point
on the curved line do the liquid and vapor phases coexist in equilibrium.
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12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
Conceptual Example 16 How to Boil Water That is
Cooling Down
Shortly after the flask is removed from the burner,
the boiling stops. A cork is then placed in the neck
of the flask to seal it. To restart the boiling, should
you pour hot or cold water over the neck of the
flask?
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12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
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12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
As is the case for liquid/vapor
equilibrium, a solid can be in
equilibrium with its liquid phase
only at specific conditions of
temperature and pressure.
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12.10 Humidity
Air is a mixture of gases.
The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of the component
gases.
The partial pressure of water vapor depends on weather conditions. It
can be as low as zero or as high as the vapor pressure of water at the
given temperature.
To provide an indication of how much water vapor is in the air, weather
forecasters usually give the relative humidity:
Percent relative humidity Partial pressure of water vapor 100
Equilibrium vapor pressure of water at existing temperature
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12.10 Humidity
Example 17 Relative Humidities
One day, the partial pressure of water vapor is 2.0x103 Pa. Using the
vaporization curve, determine the relative humidity if the temperature
is 32oC.
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12.10 Humidity
Percent relative humidity Partial pressure of water vapor 100
Equilibrium vapor pressure of water at existing temperature
2.0 103 Pa
Relative humidity 3
100 42%
4.8 10 Pa
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12.10 Humidity
The temperature at which the relative humidity is 100% is called the dew
point.
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12.10 Humidity
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