MODELS OF

COMMUNICATION
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
□ Linear Communication Model
□ Lasswell's Model
□ Aristotle's Model
□ Berlo's SMCR Model
□ Transactional Model
□ Barlund's Model
□ Shannon &Weaver Model
□ Interactive Model
□ Schramm's Model
□ White's Model
 KEY FEATURES
One way communication
Used for mass communication
Senders send message and receivers only
CHANNEL receive
MESSAE No feedback
Concept of noise
SENDER RECEIVER

PRDS CDNS

Good at audience persuasion and Communication is not continuous as no

propaganda setting concept of feedback
Intentional results No way to know if communication was
effective

LINEAR MDDEL OF COMMUNICATION

Components of Linear Communication

·Message is the information sent by

the sender to the receiver.
·Channel is the medium through which
the message is sent.
·Receiver is the person who gets the
message after decoding.
·Noise is the disruptions that are
caused in the communication process
in channel or in understandability of the
message.
Components of Linear Communication

·Message is the information sent by

the sender to the receiver.
·Channel is the medium through which
the message is sent.
·Receiver is the person who gets the
message after decoding.
·Noise is the disruptions that are
caused in the communication process
in channel or in understandability of the
message.
 Lasswell's communication n model
was developed by communication
theorist Harold
D.Lasswell(1902- 1978)in
1948.Lasswell's model of
communication (also known as action
model or linear model or one way
model of communication) is
regarded as one the most influential
communication models.
 COMPONENTS OF
WHO
LASSWELL'S
MODEL
(Sender)

SAYS WHAT

(Message)

CHANNEL
(Medium)

TO WHOM
(Receiver)

WITH WHAT
EFFECT

(Feedback)
 The first and earliest linear model is that of
Aristotle,who was a teacher of Rhetoric and even put
up an academy to produce good speakers.

SPEAKER
(Message) (Listener)
SPEECH AUDIENCE EFECT

Occasion

Aristotle's Model of
Communication
Criticisms of Aristotle's YModel
There are few criticisms around
this model.Some of them are:
·There is no concept of feedback,
it is one way from speaker to
audience.
·There is NO concept
of communication f ailurel
‘
ike
noise and barriers.
·This model can only be used in
public speaking.
 In 1960,David Berlo postulated
Berlo's Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver
(SMCR) Model of Communication
from Shannon Weaver's Mode
Communication (1949). He described
factors affecting the individual components
in the communication making the
communication more efficient.This model
also focuses on encoding and decoding
which happens before sender sends the
message and before receiver receives t he
message respectively.
Berlo's Model of Communication
Encodes Decodes
Source Message Channel Receiver

hearing Communication
Communication Skill
Skill Content
Elements

Attitudes Treatment seeing Attitudes

Structure
Code
Knowledge touching
Knowledge

Social System smelling Social System

Culture tasting Culture

A Source encodes a message for a channel to a receiver who decodes the message:
S-M-C-R Model.
Criticisms of Berlos SMNCR MModel

There is no concept of feedback,so

the effect is not considered.
There is no concept of noise or any
kind of barriers in communication.
It is a linear model
of communication,there is no two
way communication.
Both of the people must be
similar
according to all the factors
 KEY FEATURES
Used for interpersonal communication
Senders and receivers interchange
roles Simultaneous feedback
CHANNEL Context of environment and noise
MESSABE /FEEDBACK
Feedback is taken as a new message

SENDER/ RECEIVER/
RECENER SENDER

PRDS CDNS

Simultaneous and instant feedback Encourages non-verbal communication

No discrimination between sender and More noise due to communicators
receiver talking at the same time

TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

 Transactional model of
communication is the exchange of
messages between sender and
receiver where each take turns to send
or receive messages..Here, both
"sender"and "receiver"are known
as "communicators" and their
role reverses each time in

the communication process aS

Transactional Model
Noise Noise

Channel (s) Channel (s)

Sender Behaves
Messag Decodes
e Sender

Feedback
Receiver Feedback
Decodes Message Receiver
Behaves

Chanel Chanel
(s) (5 )

Noise Noise
Criticisms of 7cansactional Model

Without verbal response,the sender can not be

sure that the receiver got the message as
intended.Feedback is an important component in
the communication process,especially in
interpersonal communication as it gives a space to
clarify misunderstandings.
The transactional model gives the opportunity for
a lot of noise because the communication is
simultaneous.For example,when many people
are talking at the same time in a meeting, the
objective of the meeting will not be fulfilled.
 Differences Between
Transactional
and Other Communication Models
Transactional Model Other Models
Used for interpersonal Used for
communication Intrapersonal,interpersonal,
group or mass communications.
Senders and Receivers are known Senders and receivers are different
as Communicators,they people
interchange their roles
ncludes the role of context and Role of context and environment
environment are not mentioned in other models
Includes noise and communication Not necessarily have the concept
of
oarriers as factors
noise
Talks about non-verbal lgnores non-verbal communication
communication
Feedback comes later in
Simultaneous feedback interaction model and is not
included in linear model
 The second model is that of
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
(1948)which gave us the concept of
“NOISE” . This is often called
Telephone Model because it is
based on the experience of having
the message interfered with by
“no ise” from the
telephone switchboard back in
1940s.
 A 6 E
M E S S
G E
M E S S A

R E C E
5 1 6 N A L

5 T 6
Information Transmitter Receive Destination
Source r

A
V E D
N

L
Noise
Source

FEEDBACK

Shannon-Weaver's Model of
Communication
Example of Shannon-Weaver model
communication process
A businessman sends a message via phone text
to his worker about a meeting happening about
their brand promotion.The worker does not
receive the full message because of noise.It
goes like this:

Businessman:We have a meeting at the office

("at 8 am"goes missing due to phone network
disruption or noise)
Worker (feedback):At what time?
Sender : Businessman

Encoder: Telephone network company

Channel: Mobile network

Noise Distraction in voice

(workplace noises)

Decoder: Mobile phone

Receiver : Worker
Advantages of Shannon-Weaver YModel

0 Concept of noise helps in making the

communication effective by removing
the noise or problem causing noise.
□'This model takes communication as a
two way process.It makes the model
applicable in general communication.
Communication is taken as quantifiable
in Shannon Weaver model.
 Criticisms of Shannon- Weaver
YModel
□ ]It can be applied more for interpersonal
communication than group communication
and mass communication.
Receiver plays the passive part in the
communication process as sender plays the
primary role that sends messages.
Feedback is taken as less important in comparison
to the messages sent by the sender.
The model is taken by some critics as a
"misleading misrepresentation of the nature of
human communication"as human communication
is not mathematical in nature.
 Dean Barnlund proposed a transactional
model of communication in 1970 for basic
interpersonal communication which articulates
that sending and receiving of messages
happens simultaneously between people which is
popularly known as Barlund's Transactional Model
of Communication.The model has been further
adapted and reformed by other theorists
as General Transactional Model. The model
shifted from the trend of linear
model to dynamic and two way communication
model.
Components of Barlund's
model P :Perso
D :n
Deco
di
Cou Public cues
Cpr :ngPrivate cues
E:Encodi
Cbehnv: Nonverbal behavioral
ng
Cbehy cues Verbal behavioral
M: cues
Message

behn
P1
M
Cbehn Cbehv
M v
Cbe
D E Cbehn
y Cbeh

Cbeh eha
ov v
Cbeh
y Cbehn M E D
f

Cbehy v
M
Cbeh
y P2
Cbehn
v

W
W
W

Cpu Cpu Cpu Cp Cp Cbeh

Cpu
Cp Cpu u u ov
u

W
NW
W

Cpu Cpu Cpu Cpu

Cp Cp
u Cp
u u
Advantages of Barlund's
7cansactional Yodel
0 The model shows shared field
experience of the sender and
receiver.
Transactional model talks about
simultaneous message sending,
noise and feedback.
Barnlund's model is taken by
critics as the most systematic
model of communication.
Disadvantages of Barlund's YModel

Barnlund's model is very complex.

Both the sender and receiver must
understand the codes sent by the
other.So they must each possess
a similar "code book".(The concept
of code book is not mentioned in
the model but understood.)
 Interactive Model

Interactivemodel (also known as

convergence model)deals with exchange of
ideas and messages taking place both ways
from sender to receiver and vice-versa.
The communication process take place
between humans or machines in both verbal
or non-verbal way.This is a relatively new
model Of communication for new
technologies like web.
 KEY FEATURES

Used for new communications like internet

Slower feedbacks in turns
Concept of field of experience
CHANNEL
KSSABE
Known as convergence model
Communication becomes linear if receiver
does not respond
SENDER RECEVER
PRDS

Feedback even in mass communication

New communication channels
CHANNEL
MESSABE /FEEDBAEK
CDNS

SENDER Feedback can take a very long time

RECEIVER
Sender and receiver might not know who
the other person is

INTERACTIONAL MODEL OF CDMMUNICATION

 Concepts of nteractive Model

In Interactive model, whenever

a source sends a message to a
receiver (source),he/she encodes the
message first.The encoded message
is then received by the receiver
where it is decoded to get the
original information. Again,the receiver
acts as a source, encodes another
message(also knows as a
feedback)and sends it back to the
Interactive Model and Other Models
Differences
Interactive Model of Other Models of
Communication Communication
ndirect and slow feedback Direct and fast feedback

Feedback is a whole new process Feedback is the part of a single

of communication communication process
For new media For all other kinds of media like
print,news,etc.
No engagement of sender and Engagement of sender and
receiver
receiver in communication
in communication
Sender and receiver is equally Sender is important and
important overpowering than receiver
lt can become linear if the receiver The receiver is bound to give
does not respond some kind of response verbal or
non-
verbal
 An example of Interactive model is
that of Wilbur Schramm, who is
considered the Father of Mass
Communication.He came up with five
models,but the Schramm Model in
(1995)we are concerned with is
concept
the that explains why
communication breakdown occurs.
Schramm asserts that communication
can take place if and only if there is an
overlap between the Field of Experience
of the Speaker and the Field of
Experience of the Listener.
 field of experience field of experience

signal

source encoder decoder destination

Schramm's Model of
Communication
 What is Field of Experience?
Field of Experience are the things that
influences the understanding and
interpretation of message like culture,social
background, beliefs, experiences, values
and rules.
Examples:
·a person who always eats with spoon
is informed that that he has to eat with hands
in that place,the person will get
offended because he will think it is impolite to
eat that way.
·the teacher must deliver his/her lecture
in either English or Filipino because that is
the language that students know and use.
 Advantages of Schramm's YModel
Feedback makes it easier to know if
the message is interpreted by the receiver as
intended or not.
Concept of interpretation makes the
communication effective.
Field of experience (psychological effect)
helps to understand the communication
process in many other ways than the
traditional ones.
Concept of context makes the environmental
factor be included in interpretation of message
and brings change in the message value.
 Advantages of Schramm's YModel
Feedback makes it easier to know if
the message is interpreted by the receiver as
intended or not.
Concept of interpretation makes the
communication effective.
Field of experience (psychological effect)
helps to understand the communication
process in many other ways than the
traditional ones.
Concept of context makes the environmental
factor be included in interpretation of message
and brings change in the message value.
 Disadvantages of Schramm's YModel

□ This model can not deal with multiple

levels of communication and complex
communication processes.
□ There can only be two sources
communicating,many sources
complicates the process and the
model can not be implemented.
Message sent and received might be
interpreted differently than intended.
 Eugene White's YModel

https://prezi.com/rfcgo_zdlscc/eugene-
whites/
 The Communication
Process
Transmission phase
Message Encoding Medium Decoding by
receiver

Receiver
Sender Noise (now sender)

Decoding by
sender Medium Encoding Message
(now receiver)

Feedback phase