U18MET6005 – Applied
Materials Engineering
Mr. V R Navaneeth
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 1
• Chapter: Metal Structure, Crystallization and Plastic
Deformation
• Topic of discussion: Features of Crystal, Atomic
Structure – Atom binding, Crystal Structure - Body-
centered cubic
Objectives
• To be able to identify materials in every day life
• To understand Atomic bonds – impact on melt point
• To state the properties of Crystal and Amorphous
solids
• To identify material by Crystal – Unit cell structure
and establish the relationship between the
properties and structure.
Classification of Materials
Primary
• Metals
• Ceramics
• Plastics
Secondary
• Semi conductors
• Bio materials
• Composites
Bonding Microstructure Advantages Concerns
Metal/Alloys Metallic Crystalline • Strong, Stiff • Fracture
• Ductile • Fatigue
• Conductive
Covalent & Chain • Low Cost • Low Strength
Polymers
Secondary Molecules • Light weight • Low Stiffness
• Corrosion free • Creep
• Strong, Stiff, Hard • Brittleness
Ceramics/Glasses Iconic-Covalent Crystalline • Temp-resistance
Amorphous • Corrosion free
• Strong, Stiff, • High Cost
Composites Various Matrix, Fiber
• Light Weight • Delamination
Atomic Structure
• An atom consists of a nucleus (Proton + neutron) and electrons orbiting around it.
• Proton – positively charged particle
• Neutron – is neutral particle
• Electron – is negatively charged particle
Atomic number (Z) = no of protons
• Properties depend on
• Geometrical arrangement of atoms - Difference between Graphite and Diamond – Carbon
• Interactions
• Material science deals with structure-Property correlations
• "Structure determines the Property“ – Arrangment of internal components and
structure is scale dependent – subatomic, atomic, microscopic and macroscopic.
• 10µm – Microstructure, 500nm – dislocations, 2nm – individual atoms.
• Property: Characteristic response under the action of external stimulus: 6 categories
– Mechanical, Electrical, Thermal, magnetic, optical and deteriorative.
Features of Atomic Structure
• Atomic number
• Atomic weight – Isotopes,..
• Avogadro number
• Electron arrangement
• Metals – Electronegative, Electropositive ….
Periodic Table
Ref: William
Calister,
“Fundamenta
ls of
materials
science and
Engineering
Bonding forces
• Attractive force due to electrostatic attraction
between electrons and nucleus.
• Repulsive force when separation is less than
equilibrium- repulsion between nuclei of
interacting atoms.
• At equilibrium separation net force is zero and
potential energy is minimum.
Ref: William Higher Bond energy,
Calister, -higher melting
“Fundamenta point, higher elastic
ls of modulus
materials
science and
Engineering
Interatomic bonds
Ref: William
Calister,
“Fundamenta
ls of
materials
science and
Engineering
Atomic Arrangements
• Regular: Crystal
• Unit cell: smallest group of atoms the repeats
• Irregular or Random: Amorphous – Glass – frozen
fluid
Unit cell - Structure
Ref: William
Calister,
“Fundamenta
ls of
materials
science and
Engineering
Unit cell - FCC
• Face centered cubic
structure
• Unit cell length a =
• Coordination number = 12
• Atomic packing factor =
0.78 or 78%
• Ex.: copper, aluminum,
silver, and gold
• No of atoms associated =
4 Ref: William Callister, “Fundamentals of materials
science and Engineering
BCC – Body centered cubic
• Coordination number = 8
• Atomic packing factor = 0.68 or 68%
• No of atoms associated = 2
• Ex. Chromium, iron, molybdenum and tungsten
• Unit cell length a =
Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP)
• Coordination no. = 12
• Atomic packing factor
= 0.74 or 74%
• Ex. - cadmium,
magnesium, titanium,
and zinc
Polymorphism or Allotropy
• More than one structure
• Carbon – Diamond (Cubic, unstable) and Graphite
(Hexagonally arranged)
• Iron (Pure) – - Ferrite (BCC) room temperature
- Austenite (FCC) above 723⁰C
- Ferrite (BCC) above 1400⁰C
Mono and Poly Crystalline
• Mono crystalline – entire material is part of single
crystal – no grains present in the material – material
solidified from a single crystal (Seed crystal)
• Poly crystalline – randomly oriented crystal solidified
– the meeting different crystals – grain boundary.
