CSU07201 - Procedural Programming
Flow Control Structures
Dr. Msury Mahunnah
e-mail:
[email protected] course website: https://mahunnah.wordpress.com/
Comments
• Comments: /* This is a comment */
• Use them!
• Comments should explain:
• special cases
• the use of functions (parameters, return values, purpose)
• special tricks or things that are not obvious
• explain WHY your code does things the way it does.
More on Comments
• A bad comment:
…
i = i + 1; /* assign i+1 to the variable i */
…
• A better comment:
…
i = i + 1; /* increment the loop counter */
…
C++ Comments
• A bad comment:
…
i = i + 1; // assign i+1 to the variable i
…
• A better comment:
…
i = i + 1; // increment the loop counter
…
C Statements
• In the most general sense, a statement is a part of your program that can
be executed.
• An expression is a statement.
a=a+1;
a--;
• A function call is also a statement.
printf("%d",a);
C is a free form language, so you may type the statements in any style you feel
comfortable:
a=
a+
1;a--;
Line breaks can be anywhere
Compound Statements
• Sequences of statements can be combined into one with {...}
• Much like Java:
{
printf ("Hello, ");
printf ("world! \n");
}
• The C compiler treats the collection of these statements like they are
a single statement.
C Statements
Some Suggestions
• DO: stay consistent with how you use whitespace
• DO: put block braces (carl braces) on their own line.
• This makes the code easier to read.
• DO: line up block braces so that it is easy to find the beginning and end of a
block.
• AVOID: spreading a single statement across multiple lines if there is no need.
• Try to keep it on one line.
The if Statement
Execute statement1
• Form 1: if expression is non-zero
if (expression) (i.e., it does not have to be exactly 1)
statement1;
next statement;
• Form 2:
if (expression)
statement1;
else
statement2;
next statement;
• Form 3:
if (expression)
statement1;
else if (expression)
statement2;
else
statement3;
next statement;
The if Statement
• For Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int x,y;
int main ()
{
printf ("\nInput an integer value for x: ");
scanf ("%d", &x);
printf ("\nInput an integer value for y: ");
scanf ("%d",&y);
if (x==y)
printf ("x is equal to y\n");
else if (x > y)
printf ("x is greater than y\n");
else
printf ("x is smaller than y\n");
return 0;
}
The for Statement
• The most important looping structure in C.
• Generic Form:
for (initial ; condition ; increment )
statement
• initial, condition, and increment are C expressions.
• For loops are executed as follows:
1. initial is evaluated. Usually an assignment statement.
2. condition is evaluated. Usually a relational expression.
3. If condition is false (i.e. 0), fall out of the loop (go to step 6.)
4. If condition is true (i.e. nonzero), execute statement
5. Execute increment and go back to step 2.
6. Next statement
The for Statement Examples
#include <stdio.h>
/* 4. initialization outside of loop */
int main () {
count = 1;
int count,x,y;
for ( ; count < 1000; count++)
int ctd;
printf("%d ", count);
/* 1. simple counted for loop */
/* 5. very little need be in the for */
for (count =1; count <=20; count++)
count=1; ctd=1;
printf ("%d\n", count); for ( ; ctd; ) {
printf("%d ", count);
/* 2. for loop counting backwards */ count++; ctd=count<1000;
for (count = 100; count >0; count--) { }
x*=count;
printf("count=%d x=%d\n", count,x); /* 6. compound statements for initialization and increment */
} for (x=0, y=100; x<y; x++, y--) {
printf("%d %d\n", x,y);
/* 3. for loop counting by 5's */ }
for (count=0; count<1000; count += 5) return 0;
The for Statement
• Nesting for Statements
• for statements (and any other C statement) can go inside the loop of a for statement.
• For example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main( ) {
int rows=10, columns=20;
int r, c;
for ( r=rows ; r>0 ; r--)
{
for (c = columns; c>0; c--)
printf ("X");
printf ("\n");
}
}
The while Statement
• Generic Form
while (condition)
statement
• Executes as expected:
1. condition is evaluated
2. If condition is false (i.e. 0), loop is exited (go to step 5)
3. If condition is true (i.e. nonzero), statement is executed
4. Go to step 1
5. Next statement
• Note:
• for ( ; condition ; ) is equivalent to while (condition)
stmt; stmt;
• for (exp1; exp2; exp3) stmt;
is equivalent to
exp1;
while(exp2) { stmt; exp3; }
The do ... while Loop
• Generic Form:
do
statement
while (condition);
• Standard repeat until loop
• Like a while loop, but with condition test at bottom.
• Always executes at least once.
• The semantics of do...while:
1. Execute statement
2. Evaluate condition
3. If condition is true go to step 1
4. Next statement
The do ... while Loop
/* simple function get_menu_choice */
int get_menu_choice (void)
#include <stdio.h>
{
int get_menu_choice (void);
int selection = 0;
main()
do {
{
printf ("\n");
int choice;
printf ("\n1 - Add a Record ");
do
printf ("\n2 - Change a Record ");
{
printf ("\n3 - Delete a Record ");
choice = get_menu_choice ();
printf ("\n4 - Quit ");
printf ("You chose %d\n",choice);
printf ("\n\nEnter a selection: ");
} while(choice!=4);
scanf ("%d", &selection);
return 0;
} while ( selection<1 || selection>4);
}
return selection;
}
break and continue
• The flow of control in any loop can be changed through the use of the break and continue commands.
• The break command exits the loop immediately.
• Useful for stopping on conditions not controlled in the loop condition.
• For example:
for (x=0; x<10000; x++) {
if ( x*x % 5==1) break;
... do some more work ...
}
• Loop terminates if x*x % 5 == 1
• The continue command causes the next iteration of the loop to be started immediately.
• For example:
for (x=0; x<10000; x++) {
if (x*x % 5 == 1) continue;
printf( "%d ", 1/ (x*x % 5 – 1) );
}
• Don't execute loop when x*x % 5 == 1 (and avoid division by 0)
Example: for and break Together
The notation for(;;) is used
const int mycard=3; to create an infinite for loop.
while(1) creates an infinite
int guess;
while loop instead.
for(;;)
{
printf("Guess my card:");
scanf("%d",&guess);
if(guess==mycard)
{
To get out of an infinite loop
printf("Good guess!\n");
like this one, we have to use
break; the break statement.
}
else
printf("Try again.\n");
}
Switch Statement
• Switch statement is used to do “multiple choices”.
• Generic form:
switch(expression)
{
case constant_expr1 : statements
case constant_expr2 : statements
…
case constant_exprk : statements
default : statements
}
1. expression is evaluated.
2. The program jumps to the corresponding constant_expr.
3. All statements after the constant_expr are executed until a break (or
return) statement is encountered.
Example: Switch Statement
int a;
printf("1. Open file..\n");
printf("2. Save file.\n");
printf("3. Save as..\n");
printf("4. Quit.\n");
printf("Your choice:");
scanf("%d", &a);
if(a==1)
switch(a)
{ open_file();
elsecase
if(a==2)
1: open_file();break;
save_file();
case 2: save_file();break;
elsecase
if(a==3)
3: save_as();break;
save_as();
case 4: return 0;
elsedefault:
if(a==4)return
return
1; 0;
}else return 1;
