End-to-End LangGraph Course

By Sunny Savita
 SYLLABUS INTRODUCTION
● Simple AI Assistant
● RAG (Retrieval augmented generation)
● Chaining with LCEL (LangChain Expression
Language)
● Understand Tools and Agents
● Building Tools and Agents from Scratch
● Building Agents using Langchain Class
 SYLLABUS INTRODUCTION
● Graph Structure
○ Understanding about the Graph
○ Direct Acyclic Graph(DAG) vs Cyclic Graph
● What is Langgraph?
● Why Langgraph is Required?
● Creating LangGraph from Scratch
● Creating a LangGraph using inbuilt Classes
● Key concepts and terms in LangGraph
○ Graphs , State, Nodes, Edges,Visualization,
Streaming ,Checkpoints, Breakpoints,Configuration, Memory
etc.
 SYLLABUS INTRODUCTION
● Creating CHATBOT with LangGraph
● Common Agentic Patterns
○ Structure Output
○ Human in Loop
○ ReAct Agent etc.
● Multi-Agent Systems Using LangGraph
● RAGs with LangGraph: CRAG, ARAG, and Self-RAG
● Real-World projects leveraging LangGraph for AI
Solutions.
 What is AI Assistant?
● AI assistants LLM model which understand to
understand what people say and respond helpfully.
They're designed to simulate human conversation
and learn from every interaction.
 What is RAG?

Retrieval-Augmented Generation: An AI framework that

combines large language models (LLMs) with information
retrieval systems. RAG improves the output of LLMs by
referencing external knowledge sources, such as web pages,
databases, and knowledge bases, to generate responses.
This helps to produce more accurate, relevant, and up-to-
date text. RAG is useful for chatbots and conversational
agents, such as virtual personal assistants and customer
support systems.
 What is Chaining or Chaining with LCEL?

LangChain Chains connect and orchestrate multiple

components
Such as prompts, LLMs, retrieval, output parsers.
LCEL makes it easy to build complex chains from basic
components, and supports out of the box functionality such
as streaming, parallelism, and logging.

Chains that are built with LCEL. In this case and Chains
constructed by subclassing from a legacy Chain class.
Chains lets you
create a
predefined
sequence of tools
 What is Agent?

The core idea of agents is to use a language model to choose a

sequence of actions to take. In chains, a sequence of actions is
hardcoded (in code). In agents, a language model is used as a
reasoning engine to determine which actions to take and in
which order.

And as seen below, the agent creates a chain in real-time,

reflects on the question, and goes through a process of action,
observation, thought, action, observation, thought…until
the final answer is reached.
The agent is then
executed using an
Agent Executor , which
manages the
interaction between
the agent and the
tools.
 What is Tools?

In LangChain, an “Agent” is an AI entity that

interacts with various “Tools” to perform tasks or
answer queries. Tools are essentially functions that
extend the agent's capabilities by allowing it to
perform specific actions, like retrieving the current
time or accessing an external database.
Agents let the
model use tools in
a loop, so that it
can decide how
many times to use
tools.
 Types of Agents or Agentic Patterns
1. Tool Calling
2. Structure Output
3. Human in Loop
4. Map- Reduce
5. MultiAgents
6. Planning
7. Reflection(Reflex Agents)
8. ReAct Agent(Learning Agents)
9. Hierarchical Agents
 Benefits of AI Agents

1. Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity

2. Improved Decision-Making

3. 24/7 Availability and Scalability

4. Personalized Customer Experiences

5. Cost Reduction and Increased Revenue

6. Innovation and New Opportunities

 AI Agent Applications Domain

1. Healthcare

2. Education

3. E-Commerce and Retail

4. Finance

5. Manufacturing

6. Marketing

7. Recruitment
 Product Examples of Artificial Intelligent Agents

1. Intelligent Personal Assistants

2. Chatbots

3. Autonomous Robots

4. Game Playing Agents

5. Fraud Detection Agents

 Built-in AI Agent Framework or
Platform
1. AutoGen
2. Crewai
3. PhiData
4. Cogniflow
5. LangChain
6. Llama-Index
7. Vertex AI Agent Builder
8. D-iD etc…
 Famous Built In project on Top of AI
Agents
1. BabyAGI
2. Autogpt
3. MetaGPT
4. ChatDev
5. JARVIS
6. OpenDevin etc…
 Introduction of Graph

Graph is a collection of edges and Nodes

Nodes (or vertices): Represent the objects or entities.
Edges (or links): Represent the connections or
relationships between the nodes.
Directed: Edges have a direction (like an arrow),
indicating a one-way relationship.
 Introduction of Graph
A directed cyclic graph (DCG) and a directed acyclic graph (DAG) are
types of graphs that describe relationships between nodes, but they differ in
how cycles (loops) are handled:
1. Directed Cyclic Graph (DCG):
● Directed: Each edge has a direction, indicating a one-way relationship
between nodes.
● Cyclic: Contains at least one cycle, meaning you can start at a node,
follow directed edges, and eventually return to the same node.
Example: In a DCG, if node A points to node B, and node B points back to
node A, there’s a cycle.
 Introduction of Graph

2. Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG):

● Directed: Each edge has a direction.
● Acyclic: Contains no cycles, meaning there’s no way to
start at a node and follow directed edges to return to that
same node.
Example: A DAG is often used in workflows (like task scheduling), where each task must
follow a certain sequence without repeating any step.

Key Difference:

● A DCG allows circular paths, while a DAG strictly forbids them.

 What is Langraph?

LangGraph is an advanced library built on top of

LangChain, designed to enhance your Large Language
Model (LLM) applications by introducing cyclic
computational capabilities.
Lang Graph is a module built on top of LangChain to better
enable creation of cyclical graphs, often needed for agent
runtimes.

LangGraph introduces the ability to add cycles, enabling more

complex, agent-like behaviors where you can call an LLM in a loop,
asking it what action to take next.
While LangChain allows the creation of Directed Acyclic
Graphs (DAGs) for linear workflows, LangGraph takes this
a step further by enabling the addition of cycles,
Which are essential for developing complex, agent-like
behaviors. These behaviors allow LLMs to continuously
loop through a process, dynamically deciding what action
to take next based on evolving conditions.
 What is Langraph?

The aim of LangGraph is to have level of control when it comes

to executing autonomous AI agents.
What is Langraph?
LangGraph Example
 Why is Langraph?
LangGraph is framework-agnostic, with each node functioning
as a regular Python function.It extends the core Runnable API
(a shared interface for streaming, async, and batch calls) to
facilitate:
Seamless state management across multiple conversation turns
or tool usages.
Flexible routing between nodes based on dynamic criteria
Smooth transitions between LLMs and human intervention
Persistence for long-running, multi-session applications
 LangGraph vs LangChain Agents
LangGraph is an orchestration framework for complex agentic
systems and is more low-level and controllable than LangChain
agents. On the other hand, LangChain provides a standard
interface (LangChain Agents in their Previous Version)to
interact with models and other components, to Automate the
Flow.
 Important Terms of Langgraph
Graphs: At its core, LangGraph models agent workflows as graphs. You
define the behavior of your agents using three key components:

1. State: A shared data structure that represents the current snapshot of

your application. It can be any Python type, but is typically a Type Dict or
Pydantic Base Model.
2. Nodes: Python functions that encode the logic of your agents. They
receive the current State as input, perform some computation or side-
effect, and return an updated State.
3. Edges: Python functions that determine which Node to execute next
based on the current State. They can be conditional branches or fixed
transitions.
 Important Terms of Langgraph
Edges define how the logic is routed and how the graph decides to
stop. This is a big part of how your agents work and how different
nodes communicate with each other. There are a few key types of
edges:
● Normal Edges: Go directly from one node to the next.
● Conditional Edges: Call a function to determine which node(s) to
go to next.
● Entry Point: Which node to call first when user input arrives.
● Conditional Entry Point: Call a function to determine which
node(s) to call first when user input arrives.
 Important Terms of Langgraph
START Node

The START Node is a special node that represents the node sends user input to the graph.
The main purpose for referencing this node is to determine which nodes should be called first.

from langgraph.graph import START

graph.add_edge(START, "node_a")

END Node

The END Node is a special node that represents a terminal node. This node is referenced
when you want to denote which edges have no actions after they are done.

from langgraph.graph import END

graph.add_edge("node_a", END)
 Important Terms of Langgraph
StateGraph: The StateGraph class is the main graph class to uses.
This is parameterized by a user defined State object.

Message Graph: The Message Graph class is a special type of graph.

The State of a Message Graph is ONLY a list of messages. This class is
rarely used except for chatbots, as most applications require the State
to be more complex than a list of messages.

Compiling your graph: To build your graph, you first define the state,
you then add nodes and edges, and then you compile it.
graph = graph_builder.compile(...)
 Important Terms of Langgraph
Visualization

It's often nice to be able to visualize graphs, especially as they get

more complex. LangGraph comes with several built-in ways to visualize
graphs. See this how-to guide for more info.

Streaming

LangGraph is built with first class support for streaming. There are
several different ways to stream back results
Checkpointer
LangGraph has a built-in persistence layer, implemented through
checkpointers. When you use a checkpointer with a graph, you can interact
with the state of that graph. When you use a checkpointer with a graph,
you can interact with and manage the graph's state. The checkpointer saves
a checkpoint of the graph state at every super-step, enabling several
powerful capabilities:
Configuration
When creating a graph, you can also mark that certain parts of the graph
are configurable. This is commonly done to enable easily switching between
models or system prompts. This allows you to create a single "cognitive
architecture" (the graph) but have multiple different instance of it.
“The best way to predict the future is to create it.”

- Sunny Savita