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Module – 5
ಬಾಳ್ಗೆ

IoT Case Studies and Future trends

 Syllabus

IOT Case Studies and Future Trends:

Vehicular IoT – Introduction,

Healthcare IoT – Introduction,

Case Studies IoT Analytics – Introduction

Introduction:
 Vehicular IoT systems have penetrated different aspects of the
transportation ecosystem, including on-road to off-road traffic
management, driver safety for heavy to small vehicles, and security in
public transportation.
 In a connected vehicular environment, vehicles can communicate and
share information.
 Moreover, IoT enables a vehicle to sense its internal and external
environments to make certain autonomous decisions.
Architecture of vehicular
IoT
Components of vehicular
IoT
1) Sensors: We have already discussed how sensors play a crucial role in an IoT-based
ecosystem. Similarly, in vehicular IoT, sensors monitor different environmental conditions and
help to make the system more economical, efficient, and robust.
(i) Internal: These types of sensors are placed within the vehicle.
• The sensors are typically used to sense parameters that are directly associated with the vehicle.
Along with the sensors, the vehicles are equipped with different electronic components such as
processing boards and actuators.
• The internal sensors in a vehicle are connected with the processor board, to which they transmit
the sensed data.
• Further, the sensed data are processed by the board to take certain predefined actions.
• A few examples of internal sensors are GPS, fuel gauge, ultrasonic sensors, proximity sensors,
accelerometer, pressure sensors, and temperature sensors.
External: External sensors quantify information of the environment outside the vehicle. For
example, there are sensors used in the smart traffic system that are capable of sensing vacant
parking lots in a designated parking area.
• Thestill images and videos from cameras are important inputs to generate decisions in a vehicular
IoT system.
• Therefore, on-road cameras are widely used as external sensors to capture still images and videos.
• The captured images and videos are processed further, either in the fog or in the cloud layer, to
take certain pre-programmed actions.
• Asan example, camera sensor can capture the image of the license plate of an over speeding
vehicle at a traffic signal; the image can be processed to identify the owner of the vehicle to
charge a certain amount of fine.
• Similarly, temperature, rainfall, and light sensors are also used in the vehicular IoT infrastructure.
2) Satellites: In vehicular IoT systems, automatic vehicle tracking and crash detection are among
the important available features.
• Satellites help the system to track vehicles and detect on-road crashes.
• The satellite image is also useful for detecting on-road congestions and road blocks. •
3) Wireless connectivity: As vehicular IoT deals with connected vehicles, communication is an
important enabling component.
• Fortaking any action or making decisions, the collective data from internal and external sensors
need processing.
• Fortransmitting the sensed data from multiple sensors to RSU (roadside unit) and from RSUs to
the cloud, connectivity plays an indispensable role.
• Moreover, in the vehicular IoT scenario, the high mobility of the vehicles necessitates the
connectivity type to be wireless for practical and real-time data transmission.
• Differentcommunication technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GSM, are common in the
vehicular IoT systems.
4) RoadSide Unit (RSU): The RSU is a static entity that works collaboratively with internal and
external sensors.
• Typically, the RSUs are equipped with sensors, communication units, and fog devices.
• Vehicular IoT systems deal with time critical applications, which need to take decisions in real
time.
• In
such a situation, the fog devices attached to the RSUs process the sensed data and take
necessary action promptly.
• If
a vehicular system involves heavy computation, the RSU transmits the sensed data to the cloud
end.
• Sometimes, these RSUs also work as an intermediate communication agent between two vehicles.
5) Cloud and fog computing:
• In vehicular IoT systems, fog computing handles the light-weight processes geographically closer to
the vehicles than the cloud.
• Consequently, for faster decision making, fog computing is used in vehicular IoT systems.
• However, for a heavy-weight process, fog computing may not be a suitable option. In such a situation,
cloud computing is more adept for vehicular IoT systems.
• Cloud computing provides more scalability of resources as compared to fog computing.
• Therefore, the choice of the application of fog and cloud computing depends on the situation. For
example, the location and extent of short on-road congestion from a certain location can be
determined by fog computing with the help of sensed data.
• Further, the congestion information can be shared by the RSU among other on road vehicles, thereby
suggesting that they avoid the congested road.
• On the other hand, for determining regular on-road congestion, predictions are typically handled with
the help of cloud computing.
• For the regular congestion prediction, the cloud end needs to process a huge amount of instantaneous
data, as well as, historical data for that stretch of road spanning back a few months to years.
6) Analytics: Similar to different IoT application domains, in vehicular IoT, analytics is a crucial
component.
• Vehicular IoT systems can be made to predict different dynamic and static conditions using
analytics.
• For example, strong data analytics is required to predict on-road traffic conditions that may occur
at a location after an hour.
Advantages of vehicular
IoT
• Easy tracking: The tracking of vehicles is an essential part of vehicular IoT. Moreover, the
system must know from which location and which vehicle the system is receiving the information.
In a vehicular IoT system, the tracking of vehicles is straightforward; the system can collect
information at a remote location.
• Fast decision making: Most of the decisions in the connected vehicle environment are time
critical. Therefore, for such an application, fast and active decision making are pertinent for
avoiding accidents. In the vehicular IoT environment, cloud and fog computing help to make fast
decisions with the data received from the sensor-based devices.
• Connected vehicles: A vehicular IoT system provides an opportunity to remain connected and
share information among different vehicles.
• Easy management: Since vehicular IoT systems consist of different types of sensors, a
communication unit, processing devices, and GPS, the management of the vehicle becomes easy.
The connectivity among different components in a vehicular IoT enables systems to track every
activity in and around the vehicle. Further, the IoT infrastructure helps in managing the huge
number of users located at different geographical coordinates.
• Safety:
Safety is one of the most important advantages of a vehicular IoT system. With easy
management of the system, both the internal and external sensors placed at different locations play
an important role in providing safety to the vehicle, its occupants, as well as the people around it.
• Record: Storing different data related to the transportation system is an essential component of a
vehicular IoT. The record may be of any form, such as video footage, still images, and
documentation. By taking advantage of cloud and fog computing architecture, the vehicular IoT
systems keep all the required records in its database.
 Crime assistance in a smart IoT transportation system
We discuss a case study on smart safety in a vehicular IoT infrastructure. The
system highlights a fog framework for intelligent public safety in vehicular
environments (fog-FISVER) . The primary aim of this system is to ensure
smart transportation safety (STS) in public bus services. The system works
through the following three steps.
(i) The vehicle is equipped with a smart surveillance system, which is
capable of executing video processing and detecting criminal activity in
real time.
(ii) A fog computing architecture works as the mediator between a vehicle
and a police vehicle.
(iii) A mobile application is used to report the crime to a nearby police agent.
Fog-FISVER is based on a three-tiered architecture.
Tier1—In-vehicle FISVER STS Fog:
• In this system component, a fog node is placed for detecting criminal activities.
• Thistier accumulates the real sensed data from within the vehicle and processes it to detect
possible criminal activities inside the vehicle.
• Further,
this tier is responsible for creating crime-level metadata and transferring the required
information to the next tier.
• Forperforming all the activities, Tier 1 consists of two subsystems: Image processor and event
dispatcher
• Image Processor: The image processor inside Tier 1 is a potent component, which has a
capability similar to the human eye for detecting criminal activities. Developers of the system used
a deep-learning-based approach for enabling image processing techniques in the processor. To
implement the fog computing architecture in the vehicle, a Raspberry-Pi-3 processor board is used,
which is equipped with a high-quality camera. Further, this architecture uses template matching and
correlation to detect the presence of dangerous articles (such as a pistol or a knife) in the sub-image
of a video frame.
• Typically,the image processor stores a set of crime object templates in the fog-FISVER STS fog
infrastructure, which is present in Tier 2 of the system.
• The image processor is divided into the following three parts:
(a) Crime definition downloader: This component periodically checks for the presence of new
crime object template definitions in fog-FISVERSTS fog infrastructure. If a new crime object
template is available, it is stored locally.
(b) Crime definition storage: In order to use template matching, the crime object template
definition is required to be stored in the system. The crime definition storage is used to store all the
possible crime object template definitions.
(c) Algorithm launcher: This component initiates the instances of the registered algorithm in order
to match the template with the video captured by the camera attached in the vehicles. If a crime
object is matched with the video, criminal activity is confirmed.
Event dispatcher: This is another key component of Tier 1. The event dispatcher is responsible for
accumulating the data sensed from vehicles and the image processor. After the successful detection
of criminal activity, the information is sent to the fog-FISVER STS fog infrastructure. The
components of the event dispatcher are as follows:
(a) Event notifier: It transfers the data to the fog-FISVER STS fog infrastructure, after receiving it
from the attached sensor nodes in the vehicle.
(b) Data gatherer: This is an intermediate component between the event notifier and the physical
sensor; it helps to gather sensed data.
(c) Virtual sensor interface: Multiple sensors that sense data from different locations of the vehicle
are present in the system. The virtual sensor interface helps to maintain a particular procedure to
gather data. This component also cooperates to register the sensors in the system.
(ii) Tier 2—FISVER STS Fog Infrastructure:
• Tier2 works on top of the fog architecture. Primarily, this tier has three responsibilities—keep updating
the new object template definitions, classifying events, and finding the most suitable police vehicle to
notify the event.
• FISVER STS fog infrastructure is divided into two sub-components:
• Target Object Training: Practically, there are different types of crime objects.
• The system needs to be up-to-dated regarding all crime objects.
• This sub component of Tier 2 is responsible for creating, updating, and storing the crime object definition.
• The algorithm launcher uses these definitions in Tier 1 for the template matching process.
• Thetemplate definition includes different features of the crime object such as color gradient and shape
format.
• A new object definition is stored in the definition database.
• The database requires to be updated based on the availability of new template definitions.
• Notification Factory: This sub-component receives notification about the events in a different vehicle
with the installed system. Further, this component receives and validates the events. In order to handle
multiple events, it maintains a queue.
(iii) Tier 3 consists of mobile applications that are executed on the users’ devices.
• The application helps a user, who witnesses a crime, to notify the police.
 Healthcare
Introduction: IoT
 IoT integrates devices, sensors, and software to monitor and improve human health
conditions.
 It enables real-time monitoring, diagnosis, and management of health through connected
systems.
 Wearable devices like smartwatches and fitness bands track physiological parameters (e.g.,
heart rate, blood pressure).
 Remote health monitoring systems for elderly care, infant monitoring, and chronic disease
management.
 Healthcare IoT

Introduction:
• Moreover, IoT-based healthcare systems and services help to increase the quality of life
for common human beings; in fact, it has a promising scope of revolutionizing healthcare
in developing nations.
• IoT-basedhealthcare devices provide access and knowledge about human physiological
conditions through hand held devices.
• With this development, users can be aware of the risks in acquiring various diseases and
take necessary precautions to avoid preventable diseases.
• Thebasic skeleton of an IoT-based healthcare system is very similar to the conventional
IoT architectures.
Architecture of healthcare IoT
(i) Layer 1: We have already explained in previous chapters that sensors are one of the key enablers
of IoT infrastructure. Layer 1 contains different physiological sensors that are placed on the human
body. These sensors collect the values of various physiological parameters. The physiological data
are analyzed to extract meaningful information.
(ii) Layer 2: Layer 1 delivers data to Layer 2 for short-term storage and low-level processing. The
devices that belong to Layer 2 are commonly known as local processing units (LPU) or centralized
hubs. These units collect the sensed data from the physiological sensors attached to the body and
process it based on the architecture’s requirement. Further, LPUs or the centralized hubs forward the
data to Layer 3.
(iii) Layer 3: This layer receives the data from Layer 2 and performs application specific high-level
analytics. Typically, this layer consists of cloud architecture or high-end servers. The data from
multiple patients, which may be from the same or different locations, are accumulated in this layer.
Post analysis of data, some inferences or results are provided to the application in Layer 4.
(iv) Layer 4: The end-users directly interact with Layer 4 through receiver-side applications. The
modes of accessibility of these services by an end user are typically through cellphones, computers,
and tablets.
Components of healthcare IoT
Sensors: We have already explained that Layer 1 mainly consists of physiological sensors that
collect the physiological parameters of the patient. Few commonly used physiological sensors and
their uses are depicted in Table 14.1.
Wireless Connectivity: Without proper connectivity and communication, the data sensed by the
physiological sensors are of no use in an IoT-based healthcare system.
• Typically,
the communication between the wearable sensors and the LPU is through either wired or
wireless connectivity. The wireless communication between the physiological sensors and LPU
occurs with the help of Bluetooth and ZigBee.
• On the other hand, the communication between the LPU and the cloud or server takes place with
Internet connectivity such as Wi Fi and WLAN.
• InLayer 4 of the healthcare IoT architecture, the healthcare data are received by the end users with
different devices such as laptops, desktops, and cellphones.
• These communication protocols vary depending on the type of device in use. For example, when a
service is received by a cellphone, it uses GSM (global system for mobile communications).
• On
the other hand, if the same service is received on a desktop, it can be through Ethernet or Wi-Fi.
Communication and connectivity in healthcare IoT is an essential component.
Privacy and Security: The privacy and security of health data is a major concern in healthcare IoT
services. In a healthcare IoT architecture, several devices connect with the external world.
• Moreover,between LPU and the server/cloud, different networking devices work via network hops
(from one networked device to another) to transmit the data.
• Ifany of these devices are compromised, it may result in the theft of health data of a patient, leading
to serious security breaches and ensuing lawsuits.
• Inorder to increase the security of the healthcare data, different healthcare service providers and
organizations are implementing healthcare data encryption and protection schemes.
Analytics: For converting the raw data into information, analytics plays an important role in healthcare
IoT.
• Several
actors, such as doctors, nurses, and patients, access the healthcare information in a different
customized format.
• Thiscustomization allows each actor in the system to access only the information pertinent to their
job/role.
• In
such a scenario, analytics plays a vital role in providing different actors in the system access to
meaningful information extracted from the raw healthcare data .
• Analytics is also used for diagnosing a disease from the raw physiological data available.
Cloud and Fog Computing: In a healthcare IoT system, several physiological sensors are attached to a
patient’s body.
• These sensors continuously produce a huge amount of heterogeneous data. For storing these huge amounts
of heterogeneous health data, efficient storage space is essential.
• These data are used for checking the patient’s history, current health status, and future for diagnosing
different diseases and the symptoms of the patient.
• Typically,
the cloud storage space is scalable, where payment is made as per the usage of space.
Consequently, to store health data in a healthcare IoT system, cloud storage space is used.
• Analyticson the stored data in cloud storage space is used for drawing various inferences. The major
challenges in storage are security and delay in accessing the data.
• Therefore,
cloud and fog computing play a pivotal role in the storage of these massive volumes of
heterogeneous data.
Interface: The interface is the most important component for users in a healthcare IoT system.
• Among IoT applications, healthcare IoT is a very crucial and sensitive application.
• Thus, the user interface must be designed in such a way that it can depict all the required information
clearly and, if necessary, reformat or represent it such that it is easy to understand.
• Moreover, an interface must also contain all the useful information related to the services.
Advantages and risk of healthcare IoT
Advantages of healthcare IoT
Real-time: In healthcare sectors, different components, such as the condition of the patients, availability of
doctors and beds in a hospital, medical facilities with their monetary charges, can vary dynamically with time.
• In such a dynamic scenario, one of the important characteristics of an IoT-based healthcare system is real-
timeliness.
• A healthcare IoT system enables users, such as doctors, end users at the patient-side, and staff in a healthcare
unit, to receive real-time updates about the healthcare IoT components, as mentioned earlier. Moreover, a
healthcare IoT system can enable a doctor to observe a patient’s health condition in real-time even from a
remote location, and can suggest the type of care to be provided to the patient.
• On the other hand, users at the patient-end can easily take different decisions, such as where to take a patient
during critical situations.
• Moreover, the staff in a healthcare unit are better aware of the current situation of their unit, which includes the
number of patients admitted, availability of the doctors and bed, total revenue of the unit, and other such
information.
Low cost: Healthcare IoT systems facilitate users with different services at low cost.
• For example, an authorized user can easily find the availability of the beds in a hospital with simple Internet
connectivity and a web-browser-based portal.
• The user need not visit the hospital physically to check the availability of beds and facilities. Moreover,
multiple registered users can retrieve the same information simultaneously.
Easy management: Healthcare IoT is an infrastructure that brings all its end users under the same
umbrella to provide healthcare services.
• On the other hand, in such an infrastructure, the management of numerous tangible and intangible
entities (such as users, medical devices, facilities, costs, and security) is a challenging task.
• However, healthcare IoT facilitates easy and robust management of all the entities.
Automatic processing: A healthcare unit consists of multiple subsystems, for which manual
interventions are required.
• For
example, to register a patient with a hospital, the user may be required to enter his/her details
manually.
• However, automatic processing features can remove such manual intervention with a fingerprint
sensor/device.
• HealthcareIoT enables end-to-end automatic processing in different units and also consolidates the
information across the whole chain: from a patient’s registration to discharge.
Easy record-keeping: When we talk about a healthcare IoT system, it includes a huge number of patients,
doctors, and other staff.
• Different patients suffer from different types of diseases. A particular disease requires particular treatment,
which requires knowledge of a patient’s health history, along with other details about them.
• Therefore, the timely delivery of health data of the patient to the doctor is important. In such a situation, the
permanent storage of the patients’ health data along with their respective details is essential.
• Similarly, for the smooth execution of the healthcare unit, details of the staff with their daily activity in a
healthcare unit are also required for storage.
• A healthcare unit must also track its condition and financial transactions for further development of the
unit.
• A healthcare IoT enables the user to keep these records in a safe environment and deliver them to the
authorized user as per requirement. Moreover, these recorded data are accessible from any part of the
globe.
Easy diagnosis: We have already explained that a healthcare IoT system stores the data of the patient in a
secure manner.
• Sometimes, for diagnosing a disease, a huge chunk of prior data is required.
• In a healthcare IoT system, the diagnosis of the disease becomes easier with the help of certain learning
mechanisms along with the availability of prior datasets
Risk in healthcare IoT
Loss of connectivity: A healthcare IoT system consists of different physiological sensors that sense
and transmit the sensed data to a centralized unit.
• Moreover, continuous data transmission from the patient is expected in a good healthcare system.
• Intermittentconnectivity may result in data loss, which may result in a life-threatening situations
for the patient.
• Proper and continuous connectivity is essential in a healthcare IoT system.

Security: A healthcare IoT system contains the health data of different patients associated with the
system.
• The healthcare system must keep the data confidential.
• This data should not be accessible to any unauthorized person.
• On the other hand, different persons and devices are associated with a healthcare IoT system.
• In such a system, the risk of data tampering and unauthorized access is quite high.
Error: Data analytics helps a healthcare IoT system to predict the patients’ condition and diagnosis
of diseases.
• A huge amount of data needs to be fed into the system in order to perform accurate analytics.
• Moreover, the management of a huge amount of data is a crucial task in any IoT-based system.
• Particularly,
in the healthcare system, errors in data may lead to misinterpretation of symptoms and
lead to the wrong diagnosis of the patient. It is a challenging task to construct an error-free
healthcare IoT architecture
 Case Studies: AmbuSens System
The Smart Wireless Applications and Networking (SWAN) laboratory at the Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur developed a system: AmbuSens. The system was primarily funded by the
Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) of the Government of India. This product
system is a very crucial part of the healthcare IoT system. The primary objectives of the AmbuSens
system are summarized as follows:
• Digitization and standardization of the healthcare data, which can be easily accessed by the
registered hospital authorities.
• Real-time monitoring of the patients who are in transit from one hospital to another. At both
hospitals, doctors can access the patients’ health conditions.
• Accessibility by which multiple doctors can access the patient’s health data at the same time
Provision of confidentiality to the health data of the patients in the cloud.
• In the AmbuSens system, wireless physiological sensor nodes are used. These sensor nodes make
the system flexible and easy to use.
Architecture of AmbuSens
• The AmbuSens system is equipped with different physiological sensors along with a local hub. These sensors
sense the physiological parameters from the patient’s body and transmit those to a local data processing unit
(LDPU).
• The physiological sensors and LDPU form a wireless body area network(WBAN).
• Further, this local hub forwards the physiological data to the cloud for storing and analyzing the health
parameters.
• Finally, the data are accessed by different users.
Layer1: This layer consists of multiple WBANs attached to a patient’s body. These WBANs acquire the
physiological data from the patient and transmit them to the upper layer.
• The physiological sensors are heterogeneous, that is, each of these sensors senses different parameters of the
body.
• Moreover, the physiological sensors require calibration for acquiring the correct data from a patient’s body.
• Layer1 takes care of the calibration of the physiological sensor nodes.
• Further, in order to deliver the patient’s physiological data from the sensor node to the LDPU, it is essential to
form a proper WBAN.
• The formation of WBAN takes place by connecting multiple physiological sensor nodes to the LDPU so that
the sensors can transmit the data to the LDPU, simultaneously.
Layer 2: In the AmbuSens system, cloud computing has an important role. Layer 2 is responsible for
handling the cloud-related functions.
• From Layer 1, WBANs attached to the different patients deliver data to the cloud end.
• The cloud is used for the long-term analysis and storage of data in the AmbuSens system.
• Moreover, the previous health records of the patients are stored in the cloud in order to perform patient-
specific analysis.
• A huge volume of health data is produced by the WBANs, which are handled by the cloud with the
help of big data analytics for providing real-time analysis.

Layer 3: In the AmbuSens system, the identity of the patients remains anonymous.
• An algorithm is designed to generate a dynamic hash value for each patient in order to keep the
patient’s identity anonymous.
• Moreover, in the AmbuSens system, at different time instants, a new hash value is generated for the
patients.
• The entire hashing mechanism of the AmbuSens is performed in this layer.
Layer 4: The users simply register into the system and use it as per requirement.
Hardware
In the AmbuSens system, a variety of hardware components are used such as sensors,
communication units, and other computing devices.
Sensors: The sensors used in the AmbuSens system are non-invasive. The description of the sensors
used for forming the WBAN in the AmbuSens system are as follows:
(i) Optical Pulse Sensing Probe: It senses the photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal and transmits it
to a GSR (Galvanic Skin Response) expansion module. Typically, PPG signals are
sensed from the ear lobe, fingers, or other location of the human body. Further, the GSR
expansion module transfers the sensed data to a device in real-time.
(ii) Electrocardiogram (ECG) unit and sensor: The ECG module used in AmbuSens is in the
form of a kit, which contains ECG electrodes, biophysical 9” leads, biophysical 18” leads,
alcohol swabs, and wrist strap. Typically, the ECG sensor measures the pathway of electrical
impulses through the heart to sense the heart’s responses to physical exertion and other factors
affecting cardiac health.
(iii)Electromyogram (EMG) sensor: This sensor is used to analyze and measure the biomechanics
of the human body. Particularly, the EMG sensor is used to measure different electrical activity
related to muscle contractions; it also assesses nerve conduction, and muscle response in injured
tissue.
(iv) Temperature sensor: The body temperature of patients changes with the condition of the body.
Therefore, a temperature sensor is included in the AmbuSens system, which can easily be placed on
the body of the patient.
(v) Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) sensor: The GSR sensor is used for measuring the change in
electrical characteristics of the skin.

Local Data Processing Unit (LDPU): In AmbuSens, all the sensors attached to the human body
sense and transmit the sensed data to a centralized device, which is called an LDPU. An LDPU is a
small processing board with limited computation capabilities. The connectivity between the sensors
and the LDPU follows a single-hop star topology. The LDPU is programmed in such a way that it
can receive the physiological data from multiple sensor nodes, simultaneously. Further, it transmits
the data to the cloud for long-term storage and heavy processing.
Communication Module: Each sensor node consists of a Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1 standard)
module. The communication between the sensor nodes and the LDPU takes place with the help of
Bluetooth, which supports a maximum communication range of 10 meters in line-of-sight. The
LDPU delivers the data to the cloud with 3G/4G communication.
Front End:
In the AmbuSens system, three actors—doctor, paramedic/nurse, and patient—are able to participate
and use the services. The web interface is designed as per the requirements of the actors of the
system. Each of the actors has an option to log in and access the system. The confidentiality of a
patient and their physiological data is important in a healthcare system. Therefore, the system
provides different scopes for data accessibility based on the category of an actor.
For example, the detailed health data of a patient is accessible only to the assigned doctor. These data
may not be required for the nurse; therefore, a nurse is unable to access the same set of data a doctor
can access. The system provides the flexibility to a patient to log in to his/her account and download
the details of his/her previous medical/treatment details. Therefore, in AmbuSens, the database is
designed in an efficient way such that it can deliver the customized data to the respective actor.
Each of the users has to register with the system to avail of the service of the AmbuSens. Therefore,
in this system, the registration process is also designed in a customized fashion, that is, the details of
a user to be entered into the registration form is different for different actors. For example, a doctor
must enter his/her registration number in the registration form.
 IoT
Introduction: Analytics
 an IoT-based system generates data with complex structures; therefore, conventional data
processing on these data is not sufficient.
 Sophisticated data analytics are necessary to identify hidden patterns.
 Let us discuss a few traditional data analytics tools that are popular in the context of IoT
applications.
 k-means, decision tree (DT),
 random forest (RF),
 k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and density-based spatial clustering of applications
with noise (DBSCAN) algorithms.
 Machine
Introduction: Learning
 The term “machine learning” was coined by Arthur Lee Samuel, in 1959.

 He defined machine learning as a “field of study that allows computers to learn without

being explicitly programmed”.

 ML is a powerful tool that allows a computer to learn from past experiences and its

mistakes and improve itself without user intervention.

 The main components of ML are statistics, mathematics, and computer science for

drawing inferences, constructing ML models, and implementation, respectively

Advantages of
ML
 Advantages of ML
Self-Learner: Contd.,
 An ML-empowered system is capable of learning from its prior and run-time

experiences, which helps in improving its performance continuously.

Example,

 An ML-assisted weather monitoring system accurately predicts the weather report of the

next seven days from data collected in the last six months.

 The system offers even better accuracy when it analyzes weather data that extends back to

three more months.

 Advantages of ML
Contd.,
Time-efficient:

 ML tools are capable of producing faster results as compared to human

interpretation.

Example:

 The weather monitoring system generates a weather prediction report for the

upcoming seven days, using data that goes back to 6–9 months.
 Advantages of ML
Self-guided: Contd.,

 An ML tool uses a huge amount of data for producing its results. These

tools have the capability of analyzing the huge amount of data for

identifying trends autonomously.

Example:
 When we search for a particular item on an online e-commerce website,
an ML tool analyzes our search trends.
 Advantages of ML
Contd.,
Minimum Human Interaction Required:

 In an ML algorithm, the human does not need to participate in every

step of its execution.

Example:
 The ML algorithm determines the same disease, based on the health data available in the

system and matches the same with the symptoms of the patient
 Advantages of ML
Contd.,
Diverse Data Handling:
 Typically, IoT systems consist of different sensors and produce diverse
and multi-dimensional data, which are easily analyzed by ML
algorithms.
Example:
 Consider the profit of an industry in a financial year.
 Profits in such industries depend on the attendance of labourers, consumption of raw
materials, and performance of heavy machinery.
 Advantages of ML
Contd.,
Diverse Applications:
 ML is flexible and can be applied to different application domains such
as healthcare, industry, smart traffic, smart home, and many others.
 Two similar ML algorithms may serve two different applications.
 Challenges in ML
(i) Data Description:

 The data acquired from different sensors are required to be informative and meaningful.

 The description of data is a challenging part of ML.

(ii) Amount of Data:

 To provide an accurate output, a model must have a sufficient amount of data.

 The availability of a huge amount of data is a challenge in ML.

(iii) Erroneous Data:

 A dataset may contain noisy or erroneous data. On the other hand, the learning of a model is

heavily dependent on the quality of data.

 Since erroneous data misleads the ML model, its identification is crucial.

 Challenges in ML
(iv) Selection of Model:

 We have already discussed the use of ML algorithms in different applications. Multiple models

may be suitable for serving a particular purpose.

 However, one model may perform better than others. In such cases, the proper selection of the

model is pertinent for ML.

(v) Quality of Model:

 After the selection of a model, it is difficult to determine the quality of the selected model.

 However, the quality of the model is essential in an ML-based system.

Types of ML
 Types of ML

Labeled Data
 Data that includes meaningful tags or annotations, called labels, which
define the characteristics or properties of the data.
 Labels provide the "answer" for each data point.

Example:
In a dataset of images of animals, each image is labeled with the
name of the animal, such as "dog" or "cat."
 Types of ML

Unlabeled Data
 Data without any annotations or tags. The relationships or properties of
the data points are not predefined.
 Used to identify patterns or structures in the data.

Example:
IoT Sensors:
Raw data was collected from sensors without any predefined tags.
Supervised Learning
Un-Supervised
Learning
Reinforcement
Learning
 K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN)
algorithm

The nature of the problem—classification or regression

depends on the type of output you aim to predict.