WATER

SUPPLY &
SANITATION
CLASS 2
STRUCTURE OF TODAY’S CLASS
● Source of water supply-Municipal ,Borewell,Rivers etc
● Quantity of water for different usages like domestic,hot water,flushing ,gardening,
commercial, industrial application,
● Treatment of water for different uses filtration,softening, disinfection
● Storage & pumping gravity system
● Distribution of water to fixtures & fittings Schematic diagrams
● Efficient usage of water
Source of water supply
● The chief sources of all water supplies are rainfall.
● This water after getting proper treatment we get from municipal corporation/water
supply department i.e. Public Health Engineering. Department.
● Other source of water is underground water. Water that has percolated into the ground
is brought on the surface.
● The upper surface of free water in the top soil is termed as ground water level/ table.
● Form in which underground sources are found infiltration galleries. Infiltration wells are
sunk in series on the bank of river.
● Other source is spring an outcrops of water. A ground well is defined as an artificial
hole/pit made in the ground for the purpose of tapping of water.
● Following are types of wells-

o Shallow wells.

o Deep wells

o Tube wells
Source of water supply
● Rivers: Rivers are commonly used as a source of water but normally require
treatment before use particularly in downstream sections, rivers are often
contaminated with waste materials from industry, agriculture and
communities.

● Lakes (Natural and Artificial): Where there is a shortage of underground

water, lakes or artificial reservoirs may be used to provide water supplies but
this water usually needs some form of treatment prior to use.

● Oceans: The oceans represent the most abundant source of water on the
planet, but the cost of desalination is usually prohibitively high and therefore
sea water is not often used as a source of water. Coastal waters are often
contaminated with sewage and heavy metals.
There are various types of water demands in a city

● Domestic water demand

● Industrial demand
● Institution and commercial demand
● Demand for public use
● Fire demand
● Losses and wastes
There are various types of water demands in a city

● Domestic water demand

○ Water required in the houses for drinking, bathing, cooking, washing etc.
○ Mainly depends upon the habits, social status, climatic conditions and customs of the
people.
○ As per IS: 1172-1963, under normal conditions, the domestic consumption of water in
India is about 135 litres/day/capita
There are various types of water demands in a city

● Industrial demand

○ The water required in the industries mainly depends on the type

of industries,which are existing in the city.
○ The water required by factories, paper mills, Cloth mills, Cotton
● Institutionmills,Breweries,
and commercialSugar
demand
refineries etc. comes under industrial use.
○ The quantity of water demand for industrial purpose is around 20
○ to 25%
Universities, of the
Institution, totalbuildings
commercial demand of the city.
and commercial centres including office buildings,
warehouses, stores, hotels, shopping centres, health centres, schools,temple, cinema houses, railway
and bus stations etc comes under this category.
There are various types of water demands in a city

● Demand for public use

○ Quantity of water required for public utility purposes such as for washing and sprinkling
on roads, cleaning of sewers, watering of public parks, gardens, public fountains etc.
comes under public demand.
○ To meet the water demand for public use, provision of 5% of the total consumption is
made designing the water works for a city.
○ The requirements of water for public utility shall be taken as:
There are various types of water demands in a city

● Fire demand
○ During the fire breakdown large quantity of water is required for throwing it over
the fire to extinguish it, therefore provision is made in the water work to supply
sufficient quantity of water or keep as reserve in the water mains for this purpose.
○ The quantity of water required for fire fighting is generally calculated by using
different empirical formulae.
○ For Indian conditions kuching's formula gives satisfactory results.

Q=3182 √p

Where ‘Q’ is quantity of water required in litres/min

‘P’ is population of town or city in thousands

There are various types of water demands in a city

● Losses and wastes

○ Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and broken pipes, faulty valves and
fittings.
○ Losses due to, continuous wastage of water.
○ Losses due to unauthorised and illegal connections.
○ While estimating the total quantity of water of a town; allowance of 15% of total
quantity of water is made to compensate for losses, thefts and wastage of water.
Per capita demand
● If ‘Q’ is the total quantity of water required by various purposes by a
town per year and ‘p’ is population of town, then per capita demand
will be

● Per capita demand of the town depends on various factors like

standard of living,number and type of commercial places in a town
etc.
● For an average Indian town, the requirement of water in various
uses is as follows
Requirements for pure Drinking water
● Should be free from odour, colour and taste
● Should be free from dissolved objectionable gases.
● Should be slightly alkaline (pH about 8.0)
● TDS should be less than 500 ppm
● Should be free from pathogens such as bacteria, virus, protozoa etc
● Should not be turbid
Treatment of water for different uses:
● Water purification:
○ Process by which undesired chemical compounds, organic and
inorganic materials,and biological contaminants are removed from
water.
○ That process also includes Distillation (the conversion of a liquid
into vapour to condense it back to liquid form) and Deionization (ion
removal through the dissolved salts).
○ One major purpose of water purification is to provide clean drinking
water.
○ Water purification also meets the needs of medical,
pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications for clean and
potable water.
○ The purification procedure reduces the concentration of
Treatment of water for different uses:
● Filtration:
■ Treatment facilities use filtration to remove particles from water.
■ Those particles include clays and silts, natural organic matter,
precipitates from other treatment processes in the facility, iron and
manganese, and microorganisms.
■ Filtration clarifies water and enhances the effectiveness of disinfection.
■ Adsorption Processes (removal of ions, organic compounds and
microorganisms):
● Adsorptive filtration is a technique based on the coating of the filter
medium with adsorbents, resulting in modified media that can
simultaneously act as a filter and as an adsorbent.
■ Contaminant reduction in AC filters takes place by two processes:
● –Physical removal of contaminant particles, blocking any that are
too large to pass through the pores (filters with smaller pores are
more effective)
Treatment of water for different uses:
● Softening: PROCESSES (Cation removal)
■ Total Hardness:
● Technically - the sum of all polyvalent cations
● Practically - the amount of calcium and magnesium ions (the
predominant minerals in natural waters)
● It is divided into carbonate and noncarbonate hardness.
Treatment of water for different uses:
● Softening: PROCESSES (Cation removal)

■ Softening process is used to remove bivalent and multivalent cations

from water(hardness; for ex: Ca2+)
■ Cations with carbonate and bicarbonate ions give non-permanent
hardness (also known as carbonate hardness). It is a unstable hardness
and can easily be removed using boiling (a simplest method).
■ Cations with sulfate, chloride, and nitrate give non-carbonate hardness
and permanent hardness. This cannot be easily removing using boiling.
■ Cations are removed from using following method:
● I. Boiling
● II. Reaction with calcium carbonate,
● III. Reaction with lime and soda ash
 Conventional drinking water
treatment

Water softening
Treatment of water for different uses:
● Disinfection: PROCESSES (microbial removal)
■ The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of waste water is to substantially
reduce the number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into
the environment.
■ Intended to inactivate the microbes by physical, chemical or biological
processes Cloudy water will be treated less successfully, since solid matter
can shield organisms, especially from ultraviolet light or if contact times are
low.
■ Inactivation is achieved by altering or destroying essential structures or
functions within the microbe
■ Common methods of disinfection include ozone, chlorine, ultraviolet light, or
sodium hypochlorite.
■ Inactivation processes include denaturation of:
● Proteins (structural proteins, transport proteins, enzymes)
● Nucleic acids (genomic DNA or RNA, mRNA, tRNA, etc)
● Lipids (lipid bilayer membranes, other lipids
Treatment of water for different uses:
● Disinfection: PROCESSES (microbial removal)
■ Disinfection kinetics are better in plug-flow (pipe) reactors than in batch
(back-mixed) reactors
Storage and Pumping
Storage and Pumping
Sources Open Well, Tube Well, Hand pump, Pond,
Dam Site, External Pipe Supply, Rain Water
Harvesting System/Tank

Village/town level Treatment Reverse Osmosis System (RO), Chlorination,

Sedimentation, Sand Filter, etc.

Storage Elevated Surface Reservoirs (ESR), Ground

Service Reservoirs (GSR), Sump

Distribution Main Line, Sub-Main Line, Branch Pipe

Line, Household Level Tape, Stand Post,
Washing Unit.

Fig: Standard Water supply System in village/town

Storage and Pumping
Storage and Pumping
● Elevated Surface Reservoir (ESR) or Elevated storage tank:
● ESR is constructed, where water is to be supplied at elevated height (less than
the level of ESR) or where the distance is large and topography is undulating.
● Generally, ESR is at height more than 15 m.
● Water can be distributed directly from this storage tank by gravity or pump.
Storage and Pumping
● Ground Service Reservoir (GSR):
○ GSR is ground level or plinth level storage tank.
○ The plinth level is generally not more than 3 m.
● Storage capacity of the service reservoirs is estimated based on pumping hours,
demand and hours of supply, electricity available for pumping.
● Systems with higher pumping hours require less storage capacity.
● Normally, such reservoirs are calculated to store half to one day daily water
requirement.
Water distribution system
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate
quality,quantity and pressure. Distribution system is used to describe collectively
the facilities used to supply water from its source to the point of usage.

Requirements of Good Distribution System

1. Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
2. It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient
pressure head.
3. It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during fire
fighting.
4. The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply,
during
the repair of any section of the system.
5. All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one metre away or above the
sewer
lines.
6. It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the minimum.
 Layouts of distribution systems
● The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and hence their
layouts generally follow the layouts of roads
● There are general, four different systems of pipe networks; any type either
single or in combinations, can be used for a particular place,

● Dead End System

● Radial System

● Grid Iron System

● Ring System
B. GRID IRON SYSTEM:
This system is also
known as reticulated
system and is most
convenient for towns
having rectangular
layout of roads.
Advantages:
• Very small area is
affected during repair.
• Sizes of the pipes can
be reduced. • All dead
ends are eliminated • In
emergencies, more
water can be diverted
towards affected area.

Disadvantages:
• More valves are
required • Overall cost
is more. • Requires
good designing