TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Power transmission: it includes all augmentation equipment's Viz. step
up transformers, switchgears, overhead lines, bulk consumers,
distribution substation etc.
Transmission lines: These are the overhead lines which convey the
electrical energy from the generating station at high or extra high
voltage to the distribution substation. These are also know as feeders.
Distribution system: all the equipment in the distribution substation,
overhead lines U/G cable radiating from the distribution substation
combine to gather is known as distribution system.
Distributors : these are the overhead lines from which number of
consumers are fed by electrical energy at low voltage.
Service connection: the aluminum conductors or the weather proof
connecting the distributors with the consumers mains is known as
service connections.
In addition to phase conductors, a transmission line usually includes one or two
steel wires called ground (shield) wires. These wires are electrically connected to
the tower and to the ground, and, therefore, are at ground potential.
In large transmission lines, these
wires are located above the phase
conductors, shielding them from
lightning.
o Conductor
o Earth wire
o Insulator
o Transmission Tower
o Wave trap and other
hardware(Clamp, Spacer,
Vibration dampers, connectors
etc.
Different Types of Towers
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An overhead transmission line usually consists of three conductors or bundles of
conductors containing the three phases of the power system. The conductors are
usually aluminum cable steel reinforced (ACSR), which are steel core (for strength)
and aluminum wires (having low resistance) wrapped around the core.
In overhead transmission lines, the conductors are suspended from a pole
or a tower via insulators.
INSULATORS
In order to prevent the flow of current to the earth from the supports,
the transmission lines or distribution lines are all secured to the
supporting towers or poles with the help of insulators.
The chief requirements for the insulators are:
• They must be mechanically very strong.
• Their dielectric strength must be very high.
• They must provide high insulation resistance to the leakage
currents.
• They must be free from internal impurities.
• They should not be porous
• They must be impervious to the entrance of gases or liquids into
the materials.
• They must have high ratio of puncture strength to flash over voltage
DISTRIBUTION
Distribution system may be classified as follows
1. Primary distribution system.
2. Secondary distribution system.
CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. According to type of current
I. A.C distribution system
II. D.C distribution system
2. According to type of construction
I. Overhead distribution system
II. Under ground distribution system
CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
3. According to number of wires
I. Two wire D.C system
II. Three wire D.C system
III. Single phase two wire A.C system
IV. Three phase three wire A.C system
V. Three phase four wire A.C system
4. According to scheme of connection
I. Radial distribution system
II. Ring main distribution system
III. Inter connected distribution system
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Feeder: a line or a conductor which connects
the major substation to the distributor.
Distributor: a line conductor which various
consumers are connected through service
mains.
Service mains: a line or a conductor or cable
which connects the consumer to the distributor.
SERVICE LINES
ADVANTAGES OF TRANSMISSION AT HIGH
VOLTAGE OR EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
• With increase in the transmission voltage, size of the
conductors is reduced (Cross section of the conductors reduce
as current required to carry reduces).
• As the reduction in current carrying requirement losses
reduces results in better efficiency.
• Due to low current voltage drop will be less so voltage
regulation improves
DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSMISSION AT HIGH
VOLTAGE OR EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
• With the increase in the voltage of transmission, the
insulation required between the conductors and the earthed
tower increases. This increase the cost of line support.
• With increase in the voltage of transmission, more clearance
is required between conductors and ground. Hence higher
towers are required.
• With increase in the voltage transmission, more distance is
required between the conductors. Therefore cross arms
should be long
