سايهدةن
كة
سااهدئمنيسةق – لل
كهلرا بلة
2022سي
2023زا ي/اةل عاال:درما
ص–مدكليراامنلسي:اارثلرتقماتاملن
الاالفل
فة
اةل
ر:عقر
ابلا
ضةاملحارقم
3: ر ض
عن:واال منحارة
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION
Mr. MUBARAK MOHAMMED
OBJECTIVES
Identify the armature leakage reactance .
Identify the armature reaction.
Implement the effects of the armature reaction for different
power factor.
Identify the synchronous impedance.
Preform the equivalent circuit of synchronous machine.
Identify the voltage regulation
Armature Leakage Reactance
The flux set up by the load current which does not contribute to the
useful flux of the machine is a leakage flux.
The effect of this leakage flux is to set up a self-induced emf in
the armature windings.
The leakage fluxes may be classified as follows:
1. Slot leakage
2. Tooth head leakage
3. Coil-end or overhang leakage.
Armature Leakage Reactance
• The voltages induced in the armature windings by the air gap flux
are called air gap voltages.
• The leakage fluxes also induce voltages in the armature windings.
• These are considered by introduction of leakage reactance drops
• Most of the reluctances of the magnetic circuits for
armature leakage fluxes are due to air paths.
Armature Leakage Reactance
The fluxes are nearly proportional to the armature currents
producing them and are in phase with these currents.
The voltages they induce in the armature windings can be
considered using constant leakage reactance for the phases, which
multiplied by the phase currents, give the component voltages
induced in the phases by the leakage flux.
These voltages are the leakage reactance drops and lead the currents
producing them by 90°.
Armature Reaction of Synchronous Machines
The effect of armature (stator) flux on the flux produced by the rotor
field poles is called armature reaction.
Consider a 3-phase, 2-pole alternator
having a single- layer, concentrated,
winding.
The armature reaction in synchronous
machines affects the main-field flux very
differently for different power factors.
Armature Reaction at Unity Power
Factor
Suppose that the alternator is supplying current at unity power factor.
The phase currents IA, IB and Ic will be in phase with their respective
generated voltage EA, Eb and Ec.
Armature Reaction at Unity Power
Factor
The resultant fluxes can be found by resolving the fluxes
horizontally and vertically.
Horizontally:
Vertically:
Armature Reaction at Unity Power
Factor
The resultant fluxes is given by: The armature
reaction flux is
in the same
direction of
the main flux
The direction of this resultant flux is along OA .
It is seen that the resultant armature reaction
1.5ϕm. And lagging main field flux
flux is constant in magnitude equal to
by 90°. This is called cross-magnetizing
The resultant flus rotate in
flux.
synchronous speed.
Armature Reaction at lagging Power
Factor
Suppose that the alternator is loaded with an inductive load of zero
power factor lagging. The phase currents IA, IB and Ic will be lagging
with their respective phase voltage EA, Eb and Ec by 90°
Armature Reaction at Unity Power
Factor
The resultant fluxes is given by:
The armature
reaction flux is
in the opposite
direction of the
main flux
The direction of this resultant flux is opposite to the
main field flux.
magnitude equal to 1.5ϕm. And lagging main
The resultant armature reaction flux is constant in
field flux by 90°. This is called demagnetizing
flux.
Armature Reaction at leading Power
Factor
Suppose that the alternator is loaded with an inductive load of zero
power factor leading. The phase currents IA, IB and Ic will be leading
with their respective phase voltage EA, Eb and Ec by 90°
Armature Reaction at Unity Power
Factor
The resultant fluxes is given by:
The armature
reaction flux is
in the direction
of the main flux
The direction of this resultant flux is in the direction
to the main field flux.
magnitude equal to 1.5ϕm. And leading main
The resultant armature reaction flux is constant in
field flux by 90°. This is called magnetizing
flux.
Summary of Armature
Reaction
The armature reaction flux is constant in magnitude and rotates at
synchronous speed.
The armature reaction is cross-magnetizing when the generator supplies
a load at unity power factor.
When the generator supplies a load at lagging power factor, the
armature reaction is partly demagnetizing and partly cross-magnetizing.
When the generator supplies a load at leading power factor, the
armature reaction is partly magnetizing and partly cross magnetizing.
If the armature-reaction flux is assumed to act independently of the
main field flux, it induces voltage in each phase which lags the
respective phase currents by 90°.
Synchronous Impedance
The actual generated voltage consists of the summation of two
component voltages:
1. Excitation voltage (Eexc) due to the field excitation.
2. Armature reaction voltage (EAR) due to armature reaction
∴ 𝐸𝑎 = 𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑐
+ 𝐸𝐴𝑅
flux.
The armature reaction effect is in nature of an inductive reactance.
So, the EAR is equivalent to a voltage of inductive reactance and
∴ 𝐸𝐴𝑅 =
−𝑗𝑋𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑎
Armature reaction voltage can be modelled as an inductor
in series with the internal generated voltage.
E.M.F Equation of Synchronous
Machines
In addition to the effects of armature reaction, the stator winding
also has a self-inductance (La => Xa) and a resistance (Ra).
So, the terminal voltage is given by:
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝑗𝑋𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑎 − 𝑗𝑋𝑎𝐼𝑎 −
𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎
R a I a ≡ Armature resistance drop
Where:
X a I a ≡ Armature leakage reactance
≡Armature reaction
X AR I
drop
a combine of XAR and Xa
The voltage
them into a single reactance,
called the synchronous reactance of the machine, Xs.
𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋𝑎 + 𝑋𝐴𝑅
E.M.F Equation of Synchronous
Machines
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝑗𝑋𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑎 − 𝑗𝑋𝑎𝐼𝑎 −
𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎
𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋𝑎 + 𝑋𝐴𝑅
∴ 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝑗𝑋𝑠𝐼𝑎 −
𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎
= 𝐸𝑎 −
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐼𝑎
𝑍𝑠 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 ==> called synchronous
= 𝐸𝑎 − 𝑍 𝑠 𝐼 𝑎
impedance
Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous
Generator
The equivalent circuit of synchronous generator can be drawn
from voltage equation as:
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑎 − 𝑗𝑋𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑎 − 𝑗𝑋𝑎𝐼𝑎 − ∴ 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑎 −𝑅𝑎 − 𝑗𝑋𝑠
𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑎
Phasor diagram
The phasor diagram of lagging pf:
𝑂𝐷2 = 𝑂𝐺 2 + 𝐺𝐷2 = (𝑂𝐹 + 𝐹𝐺)2+(𝐺𝐶
+ 𝐶𝐷)2
𝐸𝑎 2 = (𝑉 cos ϕ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 +(𝑉 sin ϕ +
𝐼𝑎 𝑋 𝑠 ) 2
∴ 𝐸𝑎 = (𝑉 cos ϕ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 +(𝑉 sin ϕ +
𝐼𝑎 𝑋 𝑠 ) 2
Phasor diagram
The phasor diagram of unity pf:
𝑂𝐷2 = 𝑂𝐶2 + 𝐺𝐷2 = (𝑂𝐴 +
𝐴𝐶)2+𝐶𝐷2
𝐸𝑎 2 = (𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 +(𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 )2
∴ 𝐸𝑎 = (𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 +(𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 )2
Phasor diagram
The phasor diagram of leading pf:
𝑂𝐷2 = 𝑂𝐺 2 + 𝐺𝐷2 = (𝑂𝐹 + 𝐹𝐺)2+(𝐺𝐶
− 𝐶𝐷)2
𝐸𝑎 2 = (𝑉 cos ϕ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 +(𝑉 sin ϕ −
𝐼𝑎 𝑋 𝑠 ) 2
∴ 𝐸𝑎 = (𝑉 cos ϕ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 +(𝑉 sin ϕ −
𝐼𝑎 𝑋 𝑠 ) 2
The angle δ between Ea and V is called the power angle or torque angle of
the machine.
It varies with load and is a measure of air gap power developed in the
Power
Angle
Torque or Power Angle (δ):
The angle δ between Ea and V is called the power angle or torque
angle of the machine.
It varies with load and is a measure of air gap power developed in
the machine.
Voltage Regulation
The voltage regulation of a synchronous generator is the rise in
terminal voltage when the load is reduced from full-load rated value
to zero, speed and field current remaining constant.
It can be written as:
%Voltage Ea −
V
Regulation = 𝑉
Ea ≡ magnitude of generated voltage
Where:
per phase V ≡ magnitude of
terminal voltage per phase
Voltage Regulation
The voltage regulation depends upon the power factor of the load.
For unity and lagging power factors, there is always a voltage
drop with the increase of load, the voltage regulation is positive.
For a certain leading power, the full-load voltage regulation is zero.
In this case, the terminal voltage is the same for both full-load and
no-load conditions.
At lower leading power factors, the voltage rises with the increase
of load, and the regulation is negative.
Voltage Regulation
Example 1:
A 3-phase, star-connected alternator is rated at 1500 kVA, 13500
1.5 Ω
V. The armature effective resistance and synchronous reactance are
and 30Ω respectively per phase. Calculate the percentage regulation
for a load of 1280 kW at power factors of:
(a) 0.8 leading (b) unity (c) 0.8 lagging.
Solution:
Voltage Regulation
For 0.8 leading power factor:
Voltage Regulation
For unity power factor:
Voltage Regulation
For 0.8 lagging power factor:
2
9
3
0
