3CE303EM

Construction Management
Unit 2 :
Project Development
Process

By:
Prof. Aditya S. Gangane
M.E., PGDUPDL
Contents:
• Project Development Process
• Project Life Cycle: - Initiation , Planning , Execution , controlling ,Handover.
• Term Resources – 4M’s of Resources.
• Detail steps of project planning – Tasks, milestones, work breakdown structure,
scheduling, resource allocation.
• Introduction only to Planning tools – Network (CPM, PERT)
Project Development Process
• Definition:
The Project Development Process is the step-by-step sequence followed to plan,
design, execute, and complete a construction project from start to finish.
It ensures that the project is:
1. 📌 Identification
• Well planned with clear objectives,
2. 📊 Feasibility
• Technically sound through proper design,
3. 🧾 Design
• Economically feasible, 4. 💰 Funding
• Executed safely and efficiently, and 5. Execution
• Delivered on time and within budget. 6. Monitoring
7. ✅ Handover
8. 🔧 Maintenance
Project Life Cycle: - Initiation , Planning , Execution ,
controlling ,Handover.
• The Project Life Cycle refers to the five main stages that every construction
project goes through — from an idea to final handover.
• Each stage has specific activities and objectives.
• This cycle also ensures that the resources (manpower, materials, money) are used
efficiently, the client’s requirements are fulfilled, and the project is delivered in a
systematic and professional way.
• The Project Life Cycle is like a construction roadmap – it guides the project team
from starting point (idea) to the destination (completed building) with clear steps
and proper management at each stage.
Initiation Stage
• “The idea stage”
• The need for a project is identified (e.g., building a new road or school).
• Initial discussions take place about the purpose, benefits, and expected cost.
• Feasibility is checked (Is it possible to build this? Is the budget available?).
• A rough outline or concept plan is created.
• 🟢 Example: A municipality decides to build a flyover to reduce traffic.
Planning Stage:
• “The blueprint of the project”
• Detailed designs, working drawings, and estimates are prepared.
• Time schedules, material requirements, and manpower needs are planned.
• Permissions from authorities are obtained.
• A detailed project plan is made — covering cost, time, resources, and risks.
• 🟢 Example: Architect prepares building layout and engineer prepares structural
plan.
Execution Stage:
• “Work in progress”
• Actual construction work begins at the site.
• Foundation, columns, slabs, walls, electrical, and plumbing are done.
• Labor, materials, and machines are used as per plan.
• The contractor follows the schedule to complete activities.
• 🟢 Example: Contractor starts excavation, then RCC work, and so on.
Controlling Stage:
• “Keeping things on track”
• Regular monitoring of work, cost, and quality is done.
• Site engineers and project managers check if the work is on schedule.
• Any delays or issues are corrected quickly.
• Quality control, safety checks, and inspections happen in this phase.
• 🟢 Example: Engineer checks the slab before concreting and reports progress.
Handover Stage:
• “The final delivery”
• The project is completed and checked.
• Final finishing, cleaning, and testing are done.
• The site is handed over to the owner/client with all documents.
• Sometimes includes maintenance support for a few months or years.
• 🟢 Example: Builder hands over the building to the college trust with a completion
certificate.
Contents:
Stage Purpose
Initiation Decide what to build and why

Planning Prepare designs and schedules

Execution Do the actual construction

Controlling Monitor quality, time, and cost

Handover Deliver the completed project

4 M’s of Resources in Construction:

1. Manpower
2. Materials
3. Machinery
4. Money
 Manpower:

• Refers to the human workforce involved in the project.

• Includes engineers, supervisors, skilled labor (masons, carpenters), and
unskilled labor (helpers).
• Their knowledge, skill, and coordination are essential for progress.
• 🟢 Example: Site engineers, plumbers, and electricians working on a building.
Materials:

• All the physical items used in construction.

•• Includes cement, sand, steel, bricks, tiles, pipes, glass, etc.
•• Right quality and quantity of materials are necessary to maintain
strength and durability.
• 🟢 Example: Using M20 concrete mix for a residential slab.
Machinery:
• The equipment and tools that assist in construction work.
• Includes mixers, cranes, vibrators, JCBs, scaffolding, cutting tools, etc.
• Helps speed up the work and reduce manual effort.
• 🟢 Example: A concrete mixer used to prepare RCC mix on site.
Money:
• The budget or funds needed for the entire project.
• Covers the cost of labor, materials, machinery, and other expenses.
• Proper financial planning avoids project delays and ensures smooth
progress.
• 🟢 Example: Allocating ₹5 crore for the construction of a school building.

M’s Meaning Example

Manpower Workers & Staff Engineers, laborers
Materials Building Inputs Cement, bricks, steel
Machinery Tools & Equipment Mixers, cranes, cutters
Money Project Budget Funds for construction expenses
Project Planning Terminologies:
• Tasks,
• Milestones,
• Work Breakdown Structure,
• Scheduling,
• Resource Allocation.
Tasks:
• A task (or activity) is a specific unit of work that must be completed
as part of the overall project.
• In construction, the project is divided into smaller, manageable
tasks.
🧱 Examples:
• Excavation
• Column casting,
• Flooring
• Painting
🟢 Clear task definition helps manage and monitor work more
efficiently.
Set Milestones:
• A milestone is a key event or target that marks the completion of a
major part of the project.
• Milestones don’t show the work itself but help track project
progress.
📌 Examples:
• Completion of foundation
• Start of brickwork
• Finishing work started
🟢 They act as checkpoints for monitoring.
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS):
• A Work Breakdown Structure is a visual or hierarchical breakdown of the
total scope of work into smaller, manageable sections.
• WBS helps organize tasks in a structured way.
Example:
Building Project
├── Substructure
│ ├── Excavation
│ └── Foundation
├── Superstructure
│ ├── Columns
│ └── Slabs
└── Finishing
├── Plastering
Scheduling:
• Scheduling is the process of assigning start and finish dates to all project
tasks in a logical order.
• It helps determine:
• When each task will begin
• How long it will take
• Which tasks are dependent on others
📅 Tools Used:
• Bar Chart (Gantt Chart)
• Milestone Chart
• Network Diagrams (CPM/PERT)
🟢 Example:
• Excavation: Jan 1–3
• Foundation: Jan 4–10
Resource Allocation:
• Resource allocation is the process of assigning necessary manpower,
materials, machinery, and money to each task.
• It ensures the right amount of resources are available at the right
time and in the right quantity.
🧱 Example:
• Task: RCC Slab
• Manpower: 6 masons, 2 helpers
• Machinery: Mixer, vibrator
• Material: Cement, steel
• Money: ₹2,00,000 budgeted
🟢 Proper allocation avoids delays and cost overruns.
Sumup:

Step Definition Example

Specific work units to be
Tasks completed Brickwork, slab, plastering
Important checkpoints during Roof completed, plaster
Set Milestones the project finished
Work Breakdown Organizing work into smaller, Substructure →
Structure manageable sections Foundation → PCC
Bar chart shows
Scheduling Assigning timeframes to tasks excavation on Jan 1–3
Assigning labor, materials, Allocate 10 workers, 100
Resource Allocation machines, and money bags cement
What are Planning Tools?:
Definition:
• Planning tools are techniques used to organize, schedule, and monitor
construction activities to ensure the project is completed on time and
efficiently.
• While bar charts and milestone charts are simple tools, for complex
and large projects, we use network-based tools such as CPM and PERT.
What is a Network?
• A Network is a graphical representation of the sequence of activities in
a project.
• Activities are shown as arrows or lines.
• Events (start or end points) are shown as nodes or circles.
• Networks help identify the logical order of work and the total project
time.
1. CPM – Critical Path Method:
Definition:
• CPM is a network planning technique used to determine the longest
path of dependent activities in a project, known as the critical path.
• Helps in identifying activities that directly affect the project
duration.
• Suitable for projects where activity durations are known and fixed.
• Focuses on time and cost optimization.
🟢 Key Use:
Useful in construction projects where time is predictable (e.g.,
building construction).
🔨 Used in construction projects.
🕒 2. PERT – Program Evaluation and Review Technique:
Definition:
• PERT is a network-based planning tool used when activity durations
are uncertain and need estimation.
Uses three time estimates:
• Optimistic time (shortest)
• Most likely time
• Pessimistic time (longest)Calculates expected time using probability.
• Suitable for research or development-type projects.
🟢 Key Use:
Helpful in projects like new product development or where
experience is limited.
🔬 Used in research or new-type projects.
Difference in CPM & PERT:

Feature CPM PERT

Fixed, known Uncertain, uses
Time estimation
duration probability
Time and cost
Focus Time estimation
control
Construction R&D, new or
Suitable for
projects uncertain projects

Think of CPM as a planning tool for predictable jobs (like constructing

a house), and PERT for unpredictable jobs (like building a prototype
rocket 🚀
Tasks:
Tasks: