Content of SQL

1. Introduction to SQL-What Is SQL

2. Data Types, Primary-Foreign Keys & Constraints
3. Create Table In SQL & Create Database
4. INSERT UPDATE, DELETE & ALTER Table
5. SELECT Statement & WHERE Clause with Example
6. How To Import Excel File (CSV) to SQL
7. Functions in SQL & String Function
8. Aggregate Functions – Types & Syntax
9. Group By and Having Clause
10.Time Stamp and Extract Function, Date Time Function
11.SQL JOINS – Types & Syntax
12.SELF JOIN, UNION & UNION ALL
1
13.Subquery
WHAT IS SQL
“INTRODUCTION”

2
 Introduction to
SQL
• What is SQL
• It’s applications
• SQL v/s NoSQL
• Types of SQL Commands
• What is Database
• Excel v/s Database in SQL

3
What is SQL?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a

programming language used to interact
with database

4
 SQL
Application

CRUD is an acronym for CREATE,

READ(SELECT), UPDATE, and DELETE
statements in SQL 5
 SQL v/s
NoSQL
Relational Database Non-Relational Database

SQL database NoSQL database

Data stored are either key-value pairs,

Data stored in tables document-based, graph databases or wide-
column stores

These databases have fixed or static or

predefined schema They have dynamic schema

Low performance with huge volumes of data Easily work with huge volumes of data

Eg: PostgreSQL, MySQL, MS SQL Server Eg: MongoDB, Cassandra, Hbase

6
 SQL
Commands
There are mainly 3 types of SQL commands:
• DDL (Data Definition Language): create, alter,
and drop
• DML (Data Manipulation Language): select,
insert, update and delete
• DCL (Data Control Language): grant and revoke
permission to users
7
 SQL
Databases

8
DATA TYPES, PRIMARY & FOREIGN
KEYS, CONSTRAINTS

9
 SQL
Structure
Database
Columns Example
Tables
Data
Rows
(Rows & Columns)

RDBMS

10
Database
Diagram

Example

11
 Creating Database &
Tables
•Data types
•Primary & Foreign
keys
•Constraints
•SQL Commands
• CREATE
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• BACKUP
• DELETE
• ALTER
• DROP, TRUNCATE 12
 Data
Types
•Data type of a column defines what value the
column can store in table
•Defined while creating tables in database
•Data types mainly classified into three categories +
most used
oString: char, varchar, etc
oNumeric: int, float, bool, etc
oDate and time: date, datetime, etc
13
 Data
Types
Commonly Used data types in SQL:
• int: used for the integer value
• float: used to specify a decimal point number
• bool: used to specify Boolean values true and false
• char: fixed length string that can contain numbers, letters, and special
characters
• varchar: variable length string that can contain numbers, letters, and
special characters
• date: date format YYYY-MM-DD
• datetime: date & time combination, format is YYYY-MM-DD
hh:mm:ss
14
 Primary and Foreign
Keys:
Primary key (PK):
• A Primary key is a unique column we set in a table to easily identify
and locate data in queries
• A table can have only one primary key, which should be unique and
NOT NULL
Foreign keys (FK):
• A Foreign key is a column used to link two or more tables together
• A table can have any number of foreign keys, can contain duplicate
and NULL values

15
Constraint
s
•Constraints are used to specify rules for data in a table
•This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the table
• Constraints can be specified when the table is created with the
CREATE TABLE statement, or
• after the table is created with the ALTER TABLE statement
• Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name
( column1 datatype
constraint, column2
datatype constraint,
column3 datatype constraint,
....
); 16
Constraint
s
Commonly used constraints in SQL:
• NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
• UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
• PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE
• FOREIGN KEY - Prevents actions that would destroy links between
tables (used to link multiple tables together)
• CHECK - Ensures that the values in a column satisfies a specific
condition
• DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column if no value is
specified
• CREATE INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database
very quickly 17
Creating Database & Tables

18
 Create
Table
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table in a database
• Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 datatype constraint,
column_name2 datatype
constraint,
column_name3 datatype constraint,
);

• Example
CREATE TABLE customer
(
CustID int8 PRIMARY KEY,
CustName varchar(50) NOT NULL,
Age int NOT NULL,
City char(50),
Salary numeric
); 19
 • Insert, Update, Delete
Values in
+
Table
Alter, Drop & Truncate Table

20
 Insert Values In
Table
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table
• Syntax
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME
(column1, column2, column3,...columnN)
VALUES
(value1, value2, value3,...valueN);
• Example
INSERT INTO customer
(CustID, CustName, Age, City, Salary)
VALUES
(1, 'Sam', 26, 'Delhi', 9000),
(2, 'Ram', 19, 'Bangalore', 11000),
(3, 'Pam', 31, 'Mumbai', 6000),
(4, 'Jam', 42, 'Pune', 10000);
21
 Update Values In
Table
The UPDATE command is used to update existing rows in a table
• Syntax
UPDATE TABLE_NAME
SET “Column_name1” = ‘value1’, “Column_name2” = ‘value2’
WHERE “ID” = ‘value’

• Example
UPDATE customer
SET CustName = 'Xam', Age= 32
WHERE CustID = 4;

22
ALTER Table
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns
in an existing table
• ALTER TABLE - ADD Column Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD COLUMN column_name ;
• ALTER TABLE - DROP COLUMN Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;
• ALTER TABLE - ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype;
23
 ALTER Table
Example
• ADD Column Syntax: Adding new ‘Gender’ column to customer table
ALTER TABLE customer
ADD COLUMN Gender varchar(10);

• ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN Syntax: changing Gender column data type

from varchar(10) to char(10)
ALTER TABLE customer
ALTER COLUMN Gender char(10);

• DROP COLUMN Syntax: Deleting Gender column from customer table

ALTER TABLE customer
DROP COLUMN Gender;

24
 Delete Values In
Table
The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table
• Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

• Example
DELETE FROM customer
WHERE CustID = 3;

25
 Drop & Truncate
Table
The DROP TABLE command deletes a table in the database
• Syntax
DROP TABLE table_name;

The TRUNCATE TABLE command deletes the data inside a table, but
not the table itself
• Syntax
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

26
SELECT & WHERE
CLAUSE

27
Creating a Classroom dataset for
practice
CREATE TABLE classroom
(
rollno int8 PRIMARY
KEY, name
varchar(50) NOT NULL,
house char(12) NOT NULL,
grade char(1)
);

INSERT INTO classroom

(rollno, name, house, grade)
VALUES
(1, ‘Sam’, ‘Akash’, ‘B’),
(2, ‘Ram’, ‘Agni’, ‘A’),
(3, ‘Shyam’, ‘Jal’, ’B’),
(4, ‘Sundar’, ‘Agni’, ’A’),
(5, ‘Ram’, ‘Yayu’, ‘B’);

28
 SELECT
Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
• Syntax
SELECT column_name FROM table_name;

To select all the fields available in the table

• Syntax
SELECT * FROM table_name;

To select distinct/unique fields available in the table

• Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT Column_name FROM table_name;
29
 WHERE
Clause
The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition
• Syntax
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
WHERE conditions;

• Example
SELECT name FROM classroom
WHERE grade=‘A’;

30
 Operators In
SQL
The SQL reserved words and characters are called operators, which are
used with a WHERE clause in a SQL query
Most used operators:
1. Arithmetic operators : arithmetic operations on numeric values
Example: Addition (+), Subtraction (-), Multiplication (*), Division (/), Modulus (%)
2. Comparison operators: compare two different data of SQL table
• Example: Equal (=), Not Equal (!=), Greater Than (>), Greater Than Equals to (>=)
3. Logical operators: perform the Boolean operations
• Example: ALL, IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, AND, OR, NOT, ANY
4. Bitwise operators: perform the bit operations on the Integer
values
• Example: Bitwise AND (&), Bitwise OR(|) 31
 LIMIT
Clause
The LIMIT clause is used to set an upper limit on the number of tuples returned by
SQL.
Example: below code will return 5 rows of data
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
LIMIT 5;

ORDER BY Clause
The ORDER BY is used to sort the result-set in ascending (ASC) or descending
order (DESC).
Example: below code will sort the output data by column name in ascending
order
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name e ASC; 32
IMPORT CSV
FILE

33
CSV
files customer csv file:
https://bit.ly/3KLPb2P payment csv file:
https://bit.ly/41kIYjW

34
STRING FUNCTION

35
 Functions In
SQL
Functions in SQL are the database objects that contains a set
of SQL statements to perform a specific task. A function
accepts input parameters, perform actions, and then return
the result.
Types of Function:
1. System Defined Function : these are built-in functions
• Example: rand(), round(), upper(), lower(), count(), sum(), avg(),
max(), etc
2. User-Defined Function : Once you define a function, you
can call it in the same way as the built-in functions
36
 Most Used String
Functions
String functions are used to perform an operation on input string and
return an output string
• UPPER() converts the value of a field to uppercase
• LOWER() converts the value of a field to lowercase
• LENGTH() returns the length of the value in a text field
• SUBSTRING() extracts a substring from a string
• NOW() returns the current system date and time
• FORMAT() used to set the format of a field
• CONCAT() adds two or more strings together
• REPLACE() Replaces all occurrences of a substring within a string, with a new substring
• TRIM() removes leading and trailing spaces (or other specified characters) from a string

37
AGGREGATE FUNCTION

38
 Most Used Aggregate
Functions
Aggregate function performs a calculation on multiple values and
returns a single value.
And Aggregate functiona are often used with GROUP BY & SELECT
statement
• COUNT() returns number of values
• SUM() returns sum of all values
• AVG() returns average value
• MAX() returns maximum value
• MIN() returns minimum value
• ROUND() Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places

39
GROUP BY & HAVING
CLAUSE

40
 GROUP BY
Statement
The GROUP BY statement group rows that have the same values into
summary rows.
It is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT(), MAX(), MIN(), SUM(),
AVG()) to group the result-set by one or more columns
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name(s);

• Example
SELECT mode, SUM(amount) AS total
FROM payment
GROUP BY mode

41
 HAVING
Clause
The HAVING clause is used to apply a filter on the result of GROUP BY based on the
specified condition.
The WHERE clause places conditions on the selected columns, whereas the
HAVING
clause places conditions on groups created by the GROUP BY clause
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition(s)
GROUP BY
column_name(s)
HAVING condition(s)
• Example
SELECT mode, COUNT(amount) AS total
FROM payment
GROUP BY mode
HAVING COUNT(amount) >= 3
ORDER BY total DESC 42
TIMESTAMPS & EXTRACT

43
TIMESTAMP
The TIMESTAMP data type is used for values that
contain both date and time parts
•TIME contains only time, format HH:MI:SS
•DATE contains on date, format YYYY-MM-DD
•YEAR contains on year, format YYYY or YY
•TIMESTAMP contains date and time, format YYYY-MM-DD
HH:MI:SS
•TIMESTAMPTZ contains date, time and time zone
44
 TIMESTAMP
functions/operators
Below are the TIMESTAMP functions and operators
in SQL:
•SHOW TIMEZONE
•SELECT NOW()
•SELECT TIMEOFDAY()
•SELECT CURRENT_TIME
•SELECT CURRENT_DATE

45
 EXTRACT
Function
The EXTRACT() function extracts a part from a given date value.
Syntax: SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM date_field) FROM Table
• YEAR
• QUARTER
• MONTH
• WEEK
• DAY
• HOUR
• MINUTE
• DOW – day of week
• DOY – day of year
46
JOINS

47
 TOPICS IN JOIN
• WHAT IS JOIN?
• USE OF JOIN
• JOIN TYPES
• WHICH JOIN TO
USE
• JOIN SYNTAX
• EXAMPLES IN SQL
48
SQL JOIN
•JOIN means to combine something.
•A JOIN clause is used to combine data from two
or more tables, based on a related column
between them
•Let’s understand the joins through an example:

49
 JOIN
Example
Question: How much amount was paid by customer ‘Madan’, what was
mode and payment date?

payment
customer_id
amount
customer mode
customer_id Paymen
first_name t_date
last_name country
address_id address city_id Database
city
address_id
country
address
city_id
postal_code
phone
50
 JOIN
Example Question: How much amount was
paid by customer ‘Madan’, what
was mode and payment date?

Answer: Amount = 30,

Mode = Credit Card,
Date = 2020-04-27

51
TYPES OF JOINS
•INNER JOIN
•LEFT JOIN
•RIGHT JOIN
•FULL JOIN

52
 INNER
JOIN
•Returns records that have
matching values in both
tables

53
 INNER
JOIN
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM TableA
INNER JOIN TableB
ON TableA.col_name =
TableB.col_name

• Example
SELECT *
FROM customer AS c
INNER JOIN payment AS p
ON c.customer_id = 54
 LEFT
JOIN
•Returns all records from the
left table, and the matched
records from the right
table

55
LEFT JOIN
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM TableA
LEFT JOIN TableB
ON TableA.col_name =
TableB.col_name

• Example
SELECT *
FROM customer AS c
LEFT JOIN payment AS p
ON c.customer_id = 56
 RIGHT
JOIN
•Returns all records from the
right table, and the matched
records from the left table

57
 RIGHT
JOIN
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM TableA
RIGHT JOIN TableB
ON TableA.col_name =
TableB.col_name

• Example
SELECT *
FROM customer AS c
RIGHT JOIN payment AS p
ON c.customer_id = 58
 FULL
JOIN
•Returns all records when
there is a match in either left
or right table

59
FULL JOIN
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM TableA
FULL OUTER JOIN
TableB
ON TableA.col_name =
TableB.col_name

• Example
SELECT *
FROM customer AS c
FULL OUTER JOIN payment AS p 60
 Which JOIN To
Use
• INNER JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
• LEFT JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched
records from the right table
• RIGHT JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched
records from the left table
• FULL JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or
right table

61
 JOIN
CHEAT
SHEET

62
SELF JOIN

63
SELF JOIN
•A self join is a regular join in which a table is joined
to itself
•SELF Joins are powerful for comparing values in
a column of rows with the same table
•Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM Table AS T1
JOIN Table AS T2
ON T1.col_name =
T2.col_name 64
 SELF JOIN
example
Table: emp

• Find the name of respective managers for each

of the employees?
65
 SELF JOIN
example

SELECT T2.empname, T1.empname

FROM emp AS T1
JOIN emp AS T2
ON T1.empid =
T2.manager_id 66
 UNIO
N UNION clause/operator is used to combine/concatenate the results
The SQL
of two or more SELECT statements without returning any duplicate rows and
keeps unique records
To use this UNION clause, each SELECT statement must have
• The same number of columns selected and expressions
• The same data type and
• Have them in the same order
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM TableA
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM TableB

• Example
SELECT cust_name, cust_amount from
custA
UNION
67
SELECT cust_name, cust_amount from
 UNION
ALL
In UNION ALL everything is same as UNION, it
combines/concatenate two or more table but keeps all
records, including duplicates
• Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM TableA
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM TableB
• Example
SELECT cust_name, cust_amount
from custA
UNION ALL
SELECT cust_name, cust_amount
68
from custB
 UNION
Example
Table: custA Table: custB

69
SUB QUERY

70
 SUB
QUERY
A Subquery or Inner query or a Nested query allows us to
create complex query on the output of another query
•Sub query syntax involves two SELECT statements

•Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
operator
( SELECT
71
column_name
 SUB QUERY
Example
Question: Find the details of customers, whose payment
amount is more than the average of total amount paid by all
customers

Divide above question into

two parts:
1. Find the average
amount
2. Filter the customers
whose amount > average
amount
72