FUNDAMENTALS

OF TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS/ROADS - These are high-capacity
urban roads that direct traffic from collector roads to
expressways or freeways. It also refers to a highway that is used
primarily by through traffic.

ARTICULATED VEHICLE -It means a combination of

vehicles comprising a motor vehicle and a semi-trailer coupled
to the motor vehicle .

BUILT-UP AREA - It refers to an area with entries and exits

especially sign posted as such or otherwise defined in domestic
legislation
CARRIAGEWAY - It means the part of the road normally used by
vehicular traffic. It is also known as roadway

COLLECTOR HIGHWAY - It is also known as collector road or

distributor road which connects low-to-moderate highways or roads
to arterial highways such as those entering residential properties. It
also refers to a highway that serves primarily to funnel traffic from
one local highway to another or between arterials and local
highways.

COMBINATION OF VEHICLES - It means coupled vehicles

which travel on the road as a unit.
CYCLE - It means any vehicle which has at least two wheels and is
propelled solely by the muscular energy of the persons on that
vehicle, in particular by means of pedals or hand-cranks.

DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC AND APPROPRIATE TO THE

DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC -These mean the right-hand side if,
under domestic legislation, the driver of a vehicle must allow an
oncoming vehicle to pass on his left; otherwise these expressions
mean the left-hand side.

DOMESTIC LEGISLATION- It is the entire body of national or

local laws and regulations in force in the territory (country).
DRIVER- It means any person who drives a motor vehicle or
other vehicle.

GIVE WAY- It means that a driver must not continue or resume

his advance or manoeuvre (maneuver) if by so doing he might
compel the drivers of other vehicles to change the direction or
speed of their vehicles abruptly.

HIGHWAY- It means the entire width between the boundary lines

of every way dedicated to a public authority when any part of the
way is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular
traffic, whether or not the public authority is maintaining the way.
INTERSECTION - It means any level crossroad, junction or fork,
including the open areas formed by such crossroads, junctions or
forks.

LADEN WEIGHT - It means the actual weight of the vehicle as

loaded, with the crew and passengers on board .

LANE - It means one of the longitudinal strips from which the

carriageway can be divided, whether or not defined by longitudinal
road marking.

LEVEL-CROSSING. It means any level intersection between a

road and a railway or tramway track with its own track formation.
LIGHT TRAILER - This means any trailer of a permissible maximum
weight not exceeding 750 kg.

MANAGEMENT - It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a

purpose.

MOPED - It means any two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle which is

fitted with an internal combustion engine having a cylinder capacity not
exceeding 50 cc (3-05 cu in) and a maximum design speed not
exceeding 50 km (30 miles) per hour.

MOTOR CYCLE - It means any two-wheeled vehicle, with or without

a side-car, which is equipped with a propelling engine.
MOTOR VEHICLE- It means any power-driven vehicle
which is normally used for carrying persons or goods by road
or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of
persons or goods

MOTORWAY- It means a road specially designed and built for

motor traffic, which does not serve properties bordering on it.

OPERATION -Pertains to a course or series of acts to effect a

certain purpose; manner of action; or a vital or natural process
of activity.
PARKED - A vehicle is said to be parked if it is stationary for the
period during which the vehicle is not limited to the time needed to
pick up or set down persons or goods.

PERMISSIBLE MAXIMUM WEIGHT - It means the maximum

weight of the laden vehicle declared permissible by the competent
authority of the State in which the vehicle is registered.

POWER-DRIVEN VEHICLE - It means any self-propelled road

vehicle, other than a moped in the territories of Contracting Parties
which do not treat mopeds as motor cycles, and other/than a rail-
borne vehicle.
ROAD - It refers to the entire surface of any street open to public
traffiic. It also includes shoulder and sidewalk (DPWH, 2012). Hence,
to DPWH, the term "road" is synonymous to trafficway. For purposes
of construction, repair, and/or maintenance, roads are classified as:

1. National Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting provinces

and/or cities.

2. Provincial Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting

municipalities and/or cities within a province.

3. City Roads -These are roads/streets interconnecting barangays with

a city.
4. Municipal Roads- These are roads/streets interconnecting
barangays within a municipality.

5. Barangay Roads - These are roads/streets located within a

barangay which connect sitios or places within a barangay.

ROAD USERS - It shall mean any persons using the road

including drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, and commuters.

ROADWAY - It refers to that part of the trafficway (road)

over which vehicles pass.
RURAL ROADS - These are roads where speed limit is over
60kph. Although there are high-speed roads in the urban area, for
the purpose of the line marking, they are defined as rural roads.

SEMI-TRAILER - It means any trailer designed to be coupled

to a motor vehicle in such a way that part of it rests on the motor
vehicle and that a substantial part of its weight and of the weight
of its load is borne by the motor vehicle.

SHOULDER - It refers to either side of the roadway, especially

along highways.
SIDEWALK - It refers to the paved walkway along the side of a
street. It also means the area determined as follows:

(1) On the side of a highway which has a shoulder, a sidewalk is

that portion of the highway between the outside lateral line of the
shoulder and the adjacent property line capable of being used by
a pedestrian.

(2) On the side of a highway which has no shoulder, a sidewalk

is that portion of the highway between the lateral line of the
roadway and the adjacent property line capable of being used by
a pedestrian.
STANDING - A vehicle is said to be standing if it is
stationary for the time needed to pick up or set down persons
or to load or unload goods.

THROUGH HIGHWAY -It means every highway or portion

thereof on which vehicular traffic is given the right-of-way,
and at the entrances to which vehicular traffic from
intersecting highways is required by law to yield right-of-way
to vehicles on such through highway in obedience to either an
authorized stop sign or a yield sign, or other official traffic-
control device.
THRUWAY OR THROUGHWAY - It is a highway
that has limited entrances and exits such as the
expressways, freeways, or motorways. It is known as
autobahn in German-speaking countries and
autostrada in Italian-speaking countries.

TRAFFIC- It refers to the movement of persons,

goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion
system or animal drawn, from one place to another for
the purpose of travel. Early 16th century.
TRAFFIC WAY - Refers to the entire width between
boundary lines of every way or place of which any
part is open to the use of the public for purposes of
vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom. It is
also synonymous to public way and road.

TRAILER - It means any vehicle designed to be

drawn by a power-driven vehicle and includes semi-
trailers .
UNLADEN WEIGHT -It means the weight of the vehicle without
crew, passengers or load, but with a full supply of fuel and with the
tools which the vehicle normally carries.

URBAN ROADS - These are roads where speed limit is 60kph or

less.

The Intersection - In most American Stat laws, intersection is

defined as the area embraced within the prolongation or connection
of the lateral curb lines, or, if none, then the lateral boundary lines
of the roadways of two highways which join one another.
In a simpler language, intersection refers to the area of a roadway
created when two or more roadways join together at any angle, as
described in one of the following:

(1) If the roadways have curbs, the intersection is the area

embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curb
lines.

(2) If the roadways do not have curbs, the intersection is the area
embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral
boundary lines of the roadways.
Classifications of Intersections According to Number of
Intersecting roads

1. 3-way Intersection - It is commonly known as the T or y

crossroad which links three roads.

2. 4-way Intersection- It is the most common type which

involved the crossings of two roadways. It is either a regular
intersection when the two roads cross perpendicularly and it is
called skewed intersection when the two roads cross at
different angles.
3. 5-way Intersection - It involves the crossing
of five roads This type is the least common.

4. 6-way Intersection -It involves the crossing of

three streets most often two perpendicular roads
and one diagonal road. This type is very rare.

5. Staggered Intersection- It involves two

Classifications of Intersections According to Traffic Control

1. Controlled Intersection - It is controlled by any traffic control

devices.

a. Yield-controlled Intersection - It is usually controlled by a Yield

sign or Give Way sign
b. Stop-controlled Intersection - A Stop sign is usually installed. Most
common are the two-way stops an most countries use the four-way
stops or the first-to-stop first-to-go rule.
c. Traffic Circle - Traffic flow here is directed by a circle, rotary island,
or a runabout sign
2. Uncontrolled Intersection - This intersection has no traffic
signals or traffic signs. Crossing is by observing the right-of-
way rule.

3. Box Junction -This type generally prohibits entry unless the

exit is clear.

4. Cloverleaf - A highway interchange at which two highways,

one crossing over the other, have a series of entrance and exit
ramps resembling the outline of a four-leaf clover and enabling
vehicles to proceed in either direction on either highway.
What is Traffic Management?

–is the application of the processes and skills in planning,

organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and budgeting to
traffic affairs (Bragado, 1998).
– also refers to the activities undertaken by a highway
transportation agency to improve roadway system safety, efficiency,
and effectiveness for both providers and consumers of
transportation services (Sigua, 2008). It also refers to the
organization, arrangement, guidance and control of both stationary
and moving traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists and all types of
vehicles (Underwood, 1990).
Types of traffic management. The two distinct types of traffic
management are the used or utilization of:
1) traditional traffic engineering tools or devices, to regulate
such as traffic lights, traffic signs, or pavement
or control traffic, markings, traffic islands, and other devices
that could control or direct the flow of traffic (these will be
discussed in latter chapters/modules); and
2) advanced technology like the Intelligent Transportation
System (ITS). Examples of the ITS are the installation of road
sensors for emergency cars, global positioning devices on motor
vehicles, and road sensors attached to traffic signal lights.
Why Traffic Management is necessary?
In every traffic management, three elements are necessary to be
considered. These are the road (trafficway) system, road users,
and the enforcement (and/or control) procedures. Failure to
coordinate these elements in a particular highway and/or
intersection may cause traffic-related problems.

A. Major Causes of Traffic Congestion - Based on studies

conducted by authorities.
1. Physical Inadequacy. This is characterized by lack of roads,
narrow bridges, railroad crossings, lack of traffic facilities, etc.
2. Poor Control Measures. This is characterized by
ineffective mechanical control devices, inefficient traffic
officers, and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules and
regulations.
3. Human Errors. Many traffic congestion are caused by
slow drivers or poor driving habits, pedestrian mistakes,
officers' errors, poor planning, poor legislation; and traffic
accidents which are mostly attributed to human errors.
4. Poor Maintenance. Oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled
in traffic ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on
road pavement or unfinished road pavement.
B. Specific Traffic Problems - Traffic managers and traffic
control officers commonly encounter the following traffic-related
problems:
1. Traffic Build-up - It is characterized by the gradual increasing
of traffic users in a given portion of the highway or trafficway.
2. Traffic Congestions - These are conditions on road networks
that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds,
longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing.
3. Traffic Jams (snarl-up) - These are situations in highways in
which the movement of traffic users (motor vehicles or
pedestrians) is very slow or stationary.
4. Bottlenecks These are narrow points or areas highways where traffic
congestions or traffic jams usually occur or traffic may be held up.

5. Gridlocks A state or condition of severe road congestion arise when

continuous queues of vehicles block an entire network of intersecting
streets, bringing traffic in all directions to a complete standstill.
6. Accidents These are events or incidents which may cause
unintentional damage to property, loss of limbs and/or death.

7. Collisions - These are incidents or instances of one moving traffic

unit or person striking violently against another
C. Scopes of Traffic Management. In connection with the above
stated causes of congestion, authorities conceived that a
systematic and effective traffic management is needed which
includes but not limited to the following.

1. All public surface facilities traversing and parking and all types
of conveyances for the movement of persons and things.

2. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow

requirements, planning, approving, funding, construction and/or
maintaining these public facilities for such movements This area
includes traffic planning committees.
3. All agencies are responsible for licensing, approving restricting,
stopping, prohibiting or controlling the use of these facilities.

D. Agencies Involved in Traffic Management. For a successful

and effective traffic management, specific roles and
responsibilities are vested on the following

1. Department of Transportation (DOT, formerly DOTC). The

DOTr through the Land Transportation Office (LTO) is responsible
for the implementation of the Land Transportation Code of the
Philippines (R.A. 4136)
2. City or Municipal Engineers' Office. In the local level, these
offices are responsible for the planning, construction and
maintenance of traffic facilities within their respective locality.

3. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). This is

the main executive department which is responsible for the planning,
construction and maintenance of traffic facilities

4. Legislative (Congress/City or Municipal Boards). The

legislative bodies are not only responsible for the passing or
amendment of laws concerning traffic but also they are involved in
the planning and approval of government projects.
5. Philippine National Police (PNP). The PNP
through its Highway Patrol Group (PNP-HPG)
(formerly the Traffic Management Group (PNP-
TMG)) is responsible primarily for the direct
enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations.

6. Traffic Management Bureaus (TMBs). These

are offices created mostly under the offices of
city/municipal
7. Academic Institutions. Schools, both public and private, are
responsible for the basic traffic education by Integrating in their
respective programs and curriculum subjects or topics on traffic
safety.

8. Courts. The courts are responsible for the adjudication of traffic-

related cases filed before them.

9. Public Information Offices. The government through the

Philippine Information Agency (PIA) provides the necessary
updated information to the public by creating traffic safety
campaigns and other activities relating to traffic.
10. Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) Members. In
particular, the barangay tanods or barangay security forces are the usual
traffic control officers in their respective localities particularly during
times of emergencies.

11. Citizen Support Groups. The private institutions or organizations

also help in the prevention of traffic congestion by assisting government
offices in various activities

12. Tri-Media (including the internet). Government and privately-

owned publications, and radio and television broadcasting companies
provide necessary and updated traffic-related information to the public
through their respective programs.
The Pillars of Traffic: An Overview
Traffic management relies on three fundamental "Es"
or pillars:

Traffic Engineering

Traffic Education

Traffic Enforcement
Additionally, a fourth, more recent pillar focuses on Traffic Ecology.

1. Traffic Engineering
What it is: The scientific study of traffic flow, laws, and the
application of this knowledge to design, plan, and operate a safe and
efficient transportation system for people and goods.

Key Functions:
Fact-finding, surveys, and recommendations for traffic rules.
Supervision and maintenance of traffic control devices.
Planning of traffic regulations
B. Agencies and/or Offices Under Traffic Engineering

1. DPWH (Department of Public Works and Highways):

Determines traffic patterns, plans, approves, funds, and constructs
roads (national roads connecting cities/municipalities, and networks
within them).
2. Provincial Governments: Similar to DPWH, but limited to
facilities within municipalities.
3. Municipal Governments: Similar to provincial, but limited to
street networks within barangays.
4. Chartered Cities: Similar to municipal, but limited to streets/roads
within the cities.
C. Objectives of Traffic Engineering
Achieve efficient, free, and rapid traffic flow.
Prevent traffic accidents.
Simplify police enforcement actions and performance.
Show how good police actions make engineering plans
effective.
Present the relationship between the pillars for improving
traffic problems.
D. When and Where the Objectives of Traffic
Engineering are Applied?

Habitually congested commercial areas.

Heavily traveled thoroughfares.
Congested local areas and intersections.
During special occasions and events.
During disasters or emergencies.
At school crossings.
2. Traffic Education
The process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge about traffic,
road use, and safety. Its primary goal is accident reduction and prevention.

The following are the agencies and offices responsible for traffic
education:
a. Schools (Public and Private): Impart knowledge, training, and practice to
develop traffic safety morality.
Elementary: Focus on basic safety rules and conduct.
Secondary: Geared towards high school safety organizations.
Higher Education: Colleges and universities offer courses on traffic safety.
b. Public Information Programs: Disseminate traffic information
to the public through media (TV, radio, newspapers) and other
networks.

c. Citizen Support Groups: Non-governmental organizations

(NGOs), rotary clubs, etc., that develop citizen responsibilities,
conduct educational campaigns, and provide information on traffic
problems and needs.

3. Traffic Enforcement
What it is: Deals with the implementation and enforcement of traffic
laws, rules, and regulations.
Key Agencies/Offices Responsible:

a. Land Transportation Office (LTO):

 Vehicle registration.
 Vehicle inspections.
 Drivers licensing (examinations, suspensions, revocations).
 Public to police on stolen/wanted vehicles.

b. Legislative Bodies (Senate, Congress, Provincial Boards,

City/Municipal Councils): Responsible for passing and/or amending traffic
laws and ordinances.

c. Police Traffic Enforcement (PNP-HPG/TMG): Includes all authorized

government personnel who directly enforce traffic laws. Examples:
 Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) for NCR.
 Police/Traffic Auxiliaries.
 LTO Law Enforcement Services/Flying Squad.
4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment
What it is: A recent pillar focusing on the study of potential negative impacts of
population explosion, urban changes, and increased traffic on the environment (e.g., air
pollution, water pollution, congestion).

What are the Environmental Effects of the Urbanization of Transportation

Noise: A major consideration in evaluating traffic's environmental impact. Noise

levels above 80 dBA can cause hearing loss.
Examples: Typical home (40-50 dBA), heavy trucks (90 dBA), freight trains (75 dBA), air
conditioning (60 dBA).
Vibration: Can be severe from heavy trucks or when near old buildings.
Air Pollution: A complex issue, strongly affected by meteorological and micro-climate
factors.
Dirt: Foul and filthy substances from vehicle use (oil, grease,
materials).
Visual Intrusion: Can be positive (e.g., elevated expressways) or
negative (unsightly yards, cuts in natural landscape).
Loss of Privacy: From drivers looking into homes/gardens. Walls and
earthworks can reduce this.
Changes in Amount of Light: Additional lighting costs can be a
disadvantage.
Neighborhood Severance: Physical and sociological impact,
quantified by increased travel time, costs, and accident experience.
Relocation: Programs to compensate those relocated due to transport
investment.
(10) Distraction during planning and construction. In
some cases, benefits offset the distraction cost, which are
experienced by people during construction of new facilities,
loss of business, excess noise, dirt, vibration during
constructing and excess journey costs through diversions
because of building.
(11) Accident Experiences. These are evaluated by well
established procedures of which perhaps the only major
controversial aspect is the valuation given to human life. A
certain amount is known about differences in accident
experience on different roads and in different circumstances.
(12) Pedestrian Journey. The opportunity to make the roads
safe and enjoyable for pedestrians and efficient for vehicles;
and set of roads provided access to dwelling and is designed
primarily for the safety of pedestrians.
(13) Congestion and Other Benefits to Vehicles. It is for a
livable and safe residential environment by reducing
"through" vehicle travel. Travel must be made convenient.
Highway diversion curves indicate that 80 percent of the
traffic will take a route that is 20 percent faster. Vehicle travel
time is made up of three components; free flowing travel,
stop time and acceleration or deceleration.
b. External Factors that influence the existing and future
behavior of population. The behaviors and attitudes of the
people are also attributed to the easing or reduction of traffic
problems. Below are the incidents that may affect the behavior
of trafficway users or road users -
(1) Rapidly increasing population growth.
(2) Rapidly increasing urbanization.
(3) Rapidly increasing motorization.
(4) Industrialization and technical modernization.
(5) Improvement of the transportation network that is the street
network and the public transportation
C. Alternatives. A more pleasant environment can be achieved
without negative implication for economy and trade, so that any
reasonable step in this direction by decision-makers deserves
support.

D. Laws and Statutes Concerning Traffic Ecology

(t) P.D. 1181. Providing for the prevention, control and abatement
of Air Pollution from motor vehicles and for other purposes.

5. Traffic Economy. This is the most recent of the pillars of

traffic which deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic
to our economy.
TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

What is Traffic Safety Education?

It is the process of training roads users in the avoidance
and prevention of traffic related accidents.

Road Safety. It refers to reduced risk of accident or injury

on the roads, achieved through multidisciplinary approaches
involving road engineering and traffic management,
education and training of road users, and vehicle design.
A. Factors Contributing to Accidents. Research studies in the United
Kingdom have shown that human factors contribute to 95 percent of
accidents, road factors to about one quarter of a percent, and vehicle
factors to fewer than five percent.
1. Human errors include:
a. going too fast or excessive speed;
b. failing to give at junctions;
c. following too closely;
d: overtaking improperly;
e. misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead
f. intoxication of alcohol or drug;
g. Lack of skill
2. Road deficiencies that are main contributory factors are:
a. poor design of layout and control at junctions;
b. inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting,
c. slippery roads; and
d. obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle, or going road
construction

3. Main vehicle factors are:

a. defects in tires, brakes, and lights;
b. absence or non-using of seat belts; and
c. poorly maintained motor vehicles.
B. The three (3) principles that have been emphasized as effective in the
prevention of traffic accidents are known as the three (3)"E"s or pillars of
traffic. Recently, however, traffic environment and traffic economy were
added to complete the five (5) pillars of traffic.

1. Engineering (traffic engineering). Effective construction and

maintenance of traffic facilities which does not only expedite the
movement of traffic but also prevents the occurrence of traffic accidents.
2. Education (in traffic safety). When road users are informed of the
traffic laws, rules and regulations, accidents are likely prevented. Further,
there are strong suggestions of benefits from pre-school schemes involving
parents, and from road safety education in schools where it is an integral
part of the school curriculum.
3. Enforcement (of traffic rules). One of the causes of accidents is the
blatant non-compliance of motorists and pedestrians to traffic laws, rules
and regulations. To minimize the occurrence of accidents due to non-
compliance of road users, enforcement must be conducted.

4. Ecology/Environment. People should be educated regarding the

adverse effect of traffic to our environment that directly or indirectly
affects the population's health.

5. Economy. People should learn also to develop schemes and/or

devices and programs that do not only lessen expenses but also accident-
free.
C. Levels of Traffic Safety Education:
1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety;
2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge;
and
3. Developing traffic safety morality.

D. Traffic Safety for Children. This is highly unsystematic and is usually

carried out in the home through parental education and in kindergarten and
nurseries.This is now necessary to make it systematic to lessen the number of
children fatalities and injuries.
1. Elementary. Pupils are usually educated by stressing of traffic safety and
guides, and classroom discussions of accidents, incidents and other traffic
safety rules.
2.Secondary. This level initiates driver education program because
students have reached the age to drive, hence proper driving habits
should be stressed. It also includes the establishment of school safety
organizations,
3. Higher Education. Some universities and colleges offer and
conduct courses to private and public agencies regarding traffic safety
subjects.

E. Traffic Safety Education for Adults. Safety education for elder

pedestrians and drivers is relatively easier compared to the education
designed for younger children since the former group is in a better
position to understand what is being taught to them.
F. Driver's Education. In general, driver
instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments
of driving. Secondary aims are as follows:
1. to instill awareness responsibilities in traffic,
and of ones legal and moral responsibilities in
traffic, and
2. to teach the abilities required for one to be
eligible for a driver’s license.
G. Four (4) Basic Types of Instruction Methods Used in Driver
Education Programs:

1. Comprehensive. This method places the student into real life of

driving situations from the beginning.
2. Traditional Instruction. This type of instruction depends on
instructor-student communication.
3. Commentary Driving Method. The student-driver accompanied
by an instructor. As the student-driver drives, the instructor has to
give a commentary on his driving - what he sees, what he does, why
he does, what he proposes to do, what others are likely to do, etc.
4. Simulated Conditions On and Off the Road Training. The premise of
simulated conditions training is that the behavior of the driver subject placed in
condition will be relatively analogous to normal behavior. Simulator is a static
machine with all the important features of a car used in driving method or driving
training.

a. Partial Simulation Method. This method has the specific aim of training for the
"subtasks" of the driving task.
b. Global Simulation. It may be classified into two (2) specific groups which are:
training, simulated in traffic situations and conditions, with the use of simulations.
Simulators are most commonly used for the following types of training:
(1) Training in basic car-control skills.
(2) Perceptual training.
(3) Emergency training.
C. Classification of films as shown by the simulators:
(1) The analytical film which provides an "objective" analysis of the
driving situation presented to the student
(2) The didactic film which aims to show good driving behavior.
(3) The simulation film which offers "visual realism" to driving
situations and therefore a good aid in actual practice.
H. Essential Component of Driving Tasks. Drivers education
includes:
1. Collection of information which includes:
a. Perceptual scanning and
b. Identification
2. Processing of information which includes:
a. Predicting and
b. Decision making
3. Action which is focused on:
a. Motor skills and control of vehicles and
b. Knowledge and subjective interpretation.

I. Biorhythm. It is the theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of life energy
and mood states. Man's theorized cycles and interpretations rhythm is peculiar characteristics of
most natural phenomena like:
1. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness.
2. The four seasons.
3. Our wet and dry season.
4. The waxing and waning of the moon.
The observation of the rhythm mentioned and their possible
correlation with the habits of man has led to a host of different
theories that tried to explain this correlation in term of physical,
psychological, etc. theory of biorhythm: The following are the most
controversial

1. 23-day cycle a.k.a. our cycle of strength, endurance and courage

(the male component of a person).
2. 28-day emotional cycle equivalent to a female's 28 day menstrual
cycle) is a.k.a. our cycle of sensitivity, love and intuition (the female
component of a person).
3. 33-day intellectual cycle.
All these cycles are present at the time we are born. When the
curve is above the center line, the biorhythm value is said to be
"HIGH" or a person has more energy to spare, i.e.:

1. Physical high - we tend to be energetic, strong, full of vanity.

2. Emotional high - we tend to be creative, artistic, cheerful and

happy.

3. Intellectual high - we are able to think quickly and logically.

When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm is said to
be "LOW" or in a recharged period,
1. Physical low - we tend to tire quickly and to succumb to
illness easily.
2. Emotionally low - we feel moody, irritable, or depressed.
3. Intellectual low -concentrating or remembering is difficult or
we are likely to use poor judgment when any of the curves
crossed the center line. This is called a critical day wherein our
systems seem to be in a state of transition. During a critical day,
people tend to get sick easily, seem to lack coordination and tend
to be accident prone.
J. Importance of biorhythm -in the field of study. It should be borne
in mind that biorhythm does not predict what actually will happen. All
it does is to give us a hint on how we will tend to feel in a certain day.

1. The theory asserts that people are accident prone if their biorhythm
crosses the centerline on a certain day or is totally below the line.
2. Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a certain day, we can
psychologically cope up with any situation. If we usually overcome
any ill effect by awareness and will power.

This idea has been put into use in different countries in the world, and
the result helps reduce accident rates until it is totally refuted.
K. Safety Campaign. This is a mass publicity aimed to make
road users behave more safely. These basically focus on public
information attitudes, and particular or specific behaviors, or
combinations of these.

Safety campaign is also known as road propaganda which

may be intended simply to inform or it may be felt that the
public is already aware of the recommended behavior by need
to be persuaded into adopting it. Traffic safety campaigns are
usually published through the tri-media including some internet
websites dealing on traffic management.
1. Safety Campaign Classifications:
a. According to purpose may be categorized as informational, attitudinal and behavioral; and
b. According to kind of appeal - used to reason by simply feeding the public with authenticated factual
data.

2. Safety Campaign Design:

a. Initial campaign planning
b. Final campaign design
c. Campaign evaluation

3. Private and Government entities responsible for Safety Campaign:

a. Newspapers
b. Radio Broadcasting Networks
c. Television Broadcasting Networks
d. Public Information Agencies