ECOSYSTEM: LIFE ENERGY

Ecosystem
 -The complex of a community of organism and its

environment functioning as an ecological unit.

Energy
 -ability to be active

 -usable power that comes from heat, electricity,

etc.
 -a fundamental entity of nature that is transferred

between parts of a system and usually regarded

as the capacity for doing work
 ECOSYSTEM: LIFE ENERGY
Ecosystem
 -are broadly classified into two main categories

 1.Terrestial Ecosystem

 -These are land-based ecosystem.They are

divided on the climate and dominant

vegetation .Examples include:Forest,Grassland,
Desert and Tundra Ecosystem.
 2. Aquatic Ecosystem

 -These are water-based ecosytem. They are

further divided into:Freshwater and Marine

Ecosystem
 CARBON-OXYGEN
CYCLE
There are two major
life processes involved
in the carbon-oxygen
cycle.
CARBON-OXYGEN
CYCLE

Photosynthesis
and Respiration
PHOTOSYNTH
E S I S
During photosynthesis,
plants use CO2 along with
water and sun’s energy to
produce glucose and
release O2.
PHOTOSYNTH
E S I S
There are two stages of
photosynthesis:(a) Light-
dependent Reaction and
(b) Calvin Cycle(dark
reaction)
PHOTOSYNTH
E S I Sreaction
Light-dependent
happens in the presence
of light. It occurs in the
thylakoid membrane and
converts light energy to
chemical energy.
PHOTOSYNTH
ESIS
Calvin Cycle(dark reaction)-is a light-
independent phase that takes place
in the stomata and converts carbon
dioxide(CO2) into sugar. This stage
does not directly need light but needs
the product of light reaction. This is
why it occurs immediately after the
light-dependent phase.
R E S P I R AT I
O N
Both plants and animals
use O2 to break down
glucose. The by-products
are CO2 and H2O.
Mitochondria/drion– is
considered as the power
house of the cell. It plays an
important role in breakdown
of food molecules to release
the stored energy in the
form of ATP(Adenosine
triphosphate)
Stomata-are the tiny
opening present on the
epidermis of leaves. We can
see stomata under the light
microscope. In some of the
plants, stomata are present
on stems and other parts of
plants. Stomata play an
important role in gaseous
Photosynthesis – The process of
capturing light energy and converting it
to sugar energy, in the presence of
chlorophyll using carbon dioxide (CO2)
and water (H2O).

Respiration – The process of

metabolizing (burning) sugars to yield
energy for growth, reproduction, and
other life processes.

Transpiration – The loss of water vapor

through the stomata of leaves .
THE BREAKDOWN OF
GLUCOSE INVOLVES
THREE MAJOR STEPS:
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
 A primary difference between plants
and animals is the plant’s ability to
manufacture its own food.
In photosynthesis,carbon dioxide from the
air and water from the soil react with the
sun’s energy to
form photosynthates (sugars, starches,
carbohydrates, and proteins) and release
oxygen as a byproduct.
Figure 1. In photosynthesis, the plant
uses water and nutrients from the soil,
and carbon dioxide from the air, with
the sun’s energy to create
photosynthates. Oxygen is releases as
a byproduct.

Photosynthesis literally means to put

together with light. It occurs only in
the chloroplasts, tiny sub-cellular
structures contained in the cells of
leaves and green stems. A simple
In respiration, plants (and animals) convert
the sugars (photosynthates) back into energy
for growth and other life processes (metabolic
processes). The chemical equation for
respiration shows that the photosynthates are
combined with oxygen releasing energy, carbon
dioxide, and water. A simple chemical equation
for respiration is given below. Notice that the
equation for respiration is the opposite of that
for photosynthesis.
 Comparison of photosynthesis and
respiration
Photosynthesis Respiration

Burns sugars for

Produces sugars from light
energy
energy
Energy is released
Stores energy
Occurs in most cells
Occurs only in cells with
Oxygen is used
chloroplasts
Water is produced
Oxygen is produced
Carbon dioxide is
Water is used
produced
Carbon dioxide is used
Occurs in dark and
Requires light
light
 Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell wall Absent Present

(formed of
cellulose)
Shape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular
(fixed shape)
Vacuole One or more small One, large
vacuoles (much smaller central
than plant cells). vacuole taking
up 90% of cell
volume.
Centrioles Present in all animal cells Only present
in lower plant
forms.
Chloroplast Animal cells don't have Plant cells
chloroplasts. have
chloroplasts
because they
make their
own food.
 Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cytoplasm Present Present

Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present
(Smooth and Rough)
Ribosomes Present Present
Mitochondria Present Present
Plastids Absent Present
Golgi Apparatus Present Present
Plasma Membrane Only cell membrane Cell wall and a
cell membrane
Microtubules/ Present Present
Microfilaments
Flagella May be found in some cells May be found in
some cells
Lysosomes Lysosomes occur in Lysosomes
cytoplasm. usually not
evident.
Nucleus Present Present
Cilia Present Most plant cells
do not contain
cilia.
Animal Cell
An animal cell typically contains several types of membrane-bound organs, or organelles. The nucleus directs
activities of the cell and carries genetic information from generation to generation. The mitochondria
generate energy for the cell. Proteins are manufactured by ribosomes, which are bound to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum or float free in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and distributes
proteins while lysosomes store enzymes for digesting food. The entire cell is wrapped in a lipid membrane
that selectively permits materials to pass in and out of the cytoplasm .
Plant Cell
Plant cells contain a variety of membrane-bound structures called organelles. These include a nucleus that carries
genetic material; mitochondria that generate energy; ribosomes that manufacture proteins; smooth endoplasmic
reticulum that manufactures lipids used for making membranes and storing energy; and a thin lipid membrane that
surrounds the cell. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts that capture energy from sunlight and a single fluid-filled
vacuole that stores compounds and helps in plant growth. Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall that
protects the cell and maintains its shape .
Thank you for
listening

Science 9-ECOSYSTEM
LA PAZ NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL| SAN ROQUE, LA PAZ, TARLAC | [email protected]