RENEWABLE

ENERGY
(NON-
CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY
SOURCES )
 WHAT IS ENERGY ?
 Energy is defined as: "the ability to do work.“
 Energy is one of the most fundamental parts of our universe.
 Energy lights our cities. Energy powers our vehicles, trains, planes
and rockets.
 Everything we do is connected to energy in one form to
another(heat to work)
 Energy can be found in a number of different forms. It can be
chemical energy, electrical energy, Thermal energy.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
ENERGY
 It can be stored
 It is available in several forms
 It can transported from one system to other system or from one
place to another place
 It can neither be created nor destroyed
TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES

 CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

 RENEWABLE ENERGY
(NCES)
Non renewable vs
Renewable
 Natural resources that can be replaced and reused by
nature are termed renewable. Natural resources that
cannot be replaced are termed nonrenewable.

 Renewable resources are replaced through natural

processes at a rate that is equal to or greater than the rate
at which they are used, and depletion is usually not a worry.

 Nonrenewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted

faster than the rate at which they formed. E.g. Fossil Fuels
(coal, oil, natural gas).
 How much longer can
we depend on Fossil
fuels?
 Because they are fossil fuels they do have a
life expectancy.

 Burning fossil fuels has increased

atmospheric pollution.

 The carbon stored in fossil fuels is released

as carbon dioxide when they are burnt – this
leads to the green house effect and global
warming when they are burnt – this leads to the
green house effect and global warming
 CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY
COAL
CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL
GAS
NUCLEAR FUELS
 Coal,oil,gas,uranium and hydro are commonly know
as “Commercial” or “Conventional energy sources”

 These represent about 92% of the Total energy used

in the world

 These sources form the basis of industrial, agriculture

transport and commercial development in the modern
world.

 Conventional energy sources are due to combustion

of coal ,co2 is produced which is responsible for
causing “global warming and these are finite and
exhaustible”
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Introduction

 Renewable Energy :
any sustainable energy source that comes from
natural environment.
OR
energy that comes from resource which are
naturally replenished on a human timescale such
as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and
geothermal heat
 RENEWABLE ENERGY

 SOLAR ENERGY
 WIND ENERGY
 TIDAL ENERGY
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 ENERGY FROM BIOMASS BIOGAS
 These sources are being continuously produced in nature and are
inexhaustible.
 These conventional sources of energy are also depleting and may
be exhausted at the end of the century
 The leading advantages of non conventional energy sources are
 They do not pollute the atmosphere
 They are available in large quantities
 Power generation
 The NCSE programme was started in India in 1983 - 84
 Present Installed Capacity of Renewable Energy Sources
in India

Renewable Energy Source Present Installed Capacity

Wind 10200 MW
Small Hydro 2100 MW
Biogases 750 MW
Biomass 620 MW
Solar 2 MW
Total RE Installed Capacity – 13672 MW
INDIAN POWER SECTOR
 Renewable energy scenario in India
Government created the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES)
in 1982. In 1992 a full fledged Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources was
established under the overall charge of the Prime Minister.
The range of its activities cover

1. Promotion of renewable energy technologies,

2. Create an environment conducive to promote renewable energy
technologies,
3.Create an environment conducive for their commercialization,
4.Renewable energy resource assessment,
5.Research and development,
6.Demonstration,
7.Production of biogas units, solar thermal devices, solar
photovoltaics, cook stoves, wind energy and small hydropower
units.
Solar Energy
SOLAR ENERGY

► Solar Energy:
The Ultimate Renewable Resource

What is it?
• Solar power uses
energy from the
Sun.
• Solar panels
transfer the Suns
energy to heat
water.
 SOLAR ENERGY
 Solar power is the Earth's most available energy source, easily capable
of providing many times the total current energy demand.
 Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity.
 Two main commercial ways of conversion of sunlight into electricity.
 Concentrating Solar Thermal Plant (CSP)
 Photovoltaic Plants (PV)
• Energy used for cooling/heating/drying/distillation/power
generation ,etc.,
• The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts (TW) of incoming solar radiation
(insolation) at the upper atmosphere.
• Most of the world's population live in areas with insolation levels of
150-300 watts/m², or 3.5-7.0 kWh/m² per day.
Radiant Energy
Nuclear Fusion

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 - ©The NEED

Project
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SUN
ENERGY FROM THE SUN
How much solar energy?

The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that
reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.
 SOLAR RADIATION
• solar radiation incident outside the earth's atmosphere is
called extraterrestrial radiation. On average the
extraterrestrial irradiance is 1367 Watts/meter2 (W/m2).
• Solar radiation is the electromagnetic energy emitted by the
sun, can be captured and converted into useful forms of
energy
 SOLAR CONSTANT

The rate at which energy reaches the earth's surface from the
sun, usually taken to be 1,388 watts per square metre.
• The formula for calculating the solar constant is written as
• So = E(Sun) x (R(Sun) / r)2,
• So-solar constant,
• E- irradiance of the sun
• R-Radius of the sun
• r-distance between the Earth and the sun
a. Direct Radiation: Solar radiation that reaches to the surface of
earth without being diffused is called direct beam radiation.

b. Diffused Radiation: As sunlight passes through the

atmosphere, some of it is absorbed, scattered and reflected by
air molecules, water vapour, cloud, dust, and pollutants from
power plants, forest fires, and volcanoes. This is called
diffused radiation.

c. Global Solar Radiation: The sum of diffuse and direct solar

radiation is called global solar radiation.
 INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING SOLAR
RADIATION

• The global solar radiation

has two components namely
direct and diffuse radiation.
• The global radiation is
measured with the
pyranometers, and the direct
radiation with pyrheliometer.
• The devices use two types of
sensors: thermal and
photovoltaic.

31
 PYRANOMETER
a. A pyranometer shaded from direct solar radiation can be used to
measure diffuse radiation.
b. One implementation uses a band stretching from the eastern to the
western horizon that is oriented according to the solar declination to
shade the pyranometer with the plane of the band parallel to the
celestial equator.
c. Since the solar declination changes, this band must be adjusted with
a frequency that depends on accuracy requirements and time of year.
 PYRHELIOMETER

It measure the direct component of solar irradiance which is

important when installing concentrating collectors.
 SUN SHINE RECORDERS

• The duration and the

intensity of sunlight is
measured using a
Campbell-Stokes sunshine
recorder.
• These focus light from the
sun onto a piece of card
where it leaves a burnt
trace. The more sunshine
there is, the longer the line.
 SOLAR RADIATION DATA
• Solar radiation is the electromagnetic energy emitted by the
sun, can be captured and converted into useful forms of
energy.(nasa)[National Solar Radiation Database]
 Environmental Impacts
a. The sun provides a tremendous resource for generating clean
and sustainable electricity without toxic pollution or global
warming emissions.
b. The potential environmental impacts associated with solar
power :
a. land use and habitat loss
b. water use
c. use of hazardous materials in manufacturing can vary
greatly depending on the technology, which includes two
broad categories:
I. photovoltaic (PV) solar cells
II. concentrating solar thermal plants (CSP).
 Potential Impacts
a. Solar energy is considered a sustainable energy
supply technology however.
b. the production technology for solar modules
(which are used to convert energy into power)
requires relatively high energy outputs.
c. The predominant negative environmental impacts
of solar energy come from producing the solar
panels.
d. Production of these panels consumes substantial
amounts of energy and produces waste water and
hazardous by-products which are released to the air
during the manufacturing process.
 Benefits of Solar Energy
a. Solar energy is not only sustainable, it is renewable and this
means that we will never run out of it.
b. It is about as natural a source of power as it is possible to
generate electricity.
c. The creation of solar energy requires little maintenance.
d. once the solar panels have been installed and are working at
maximum efficiency there is only a small amount of
maintenance required each year to ensure they are in
working order.
e. They are a silent producer of energy. There is absolutely no
noise made from photovoltaic panels as they convert sunlight
into usable electricity.
f. There are continual advancements in solar panel technology
which are increasing the efficiency and lowering the cost of
production, thus making it even more cost effective.
 SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
SOLAR WATER HEATING
SOLAR SPACE HEATING
SOLAR WATER PUMPING
SOLAR COOKING
SOLAR DRYING
SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
Solar Photovoltaic Systems
 How Solar PV Cells Work
1. Photons in sunlight hit the
solar panel and are absorbed
by semiconducting materials,
such as silicon.

2. Electrons (negatively charged)

are knocked loose from their
atoms, allowing them to flow
through the material to
produce electricity.

3. An array of solar cells

converts solar energy into a
usable amount of
direct current (DC) electricity.
Physics of Photovoltaic
Generation

n-type
semiconducto
+ + + + + + + + + + r
-+ - +- +- +
- +
- - - - - - - - Depletion
- - - - - Zone
p-type
semiconducto
r
Photovoltaic System

Typical output of a module (~30 cells) is ≈ 15 V, with 1.5 A

current
These individual solar cells are arranged
together in a PV module and the modules are
grouped together in an array. Some of the
arrays are set on special tracking devices to
follow sunlight all day long.
The electrical energy from solar cells can
then be used directly. It can be used in a
home for lights and appliances(batteries).
Some experimental cars also use PV cells.
They convert sunlight directly into energy to
power electric motors on the car.
But when most of us think of solar energy, we
think of satellites in outer space. Here's a
picture of solar panels extending out from a
satellite.
Solar Collector(FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS)
• Glass on
outside
• Absorbent on
inside
• Circulating
Fluid

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 -

©The NEED Project
 Concentrating Solar Thermal Plant (CSP)
Parabolic Dishes

Because they work best under direct

sunlight, parabolic dishes and troughs must
be steered throughout the day in the
direction of the sun.
Waldpolenz Solar Park
SOLAR WATER HEATER
Direct systems: (A) Passive CHS system with
tank above collector. (B) Active system with
pump and controller driven by a photovoltaic
panel
Solar water heater
COMPONENTS
SOLAR STREET LIGHTING
Solar lantern
SOLAR COOKERS
 PARABOLIC COOKER
a. Highly focused light and high temperatures
b. Cooks nearly as fast as a conventional oven
c. Costly and complicated to make and use – have to turn
frequently to follow the sun
d. Potentially hazardous-not recommended
Parabolic and Box Cookers
 Box Cooker – Design Features
a. Greenhouse principle
b. Area of collection
c. Transmission of glass/plastic
d. Emissivity of cooking
vessel
e. Insulation of box
f. WAPI (Water Pasteurisation
Indicator)
Refugee Camp - CooKit
Scheffler Design
SOLAR IMPULSE
Other uses of Solar Energy
• Daylight
• Drying Agricultural Products
• Space Heating
• Water Heating
 Daylighting

Exploring Solar - 1/23/17 -

©The NEED Project
Drying Agricultural Products
Space Heating Through Passive Solar
Active Solar Heating
Top Countries for Installed PV Capacity

US Department of
Energy, NREL 2015
Renewable Energy
Data Book
Global
PV
Growth
Advantages of Solar Energy
• Clean
• Sustainable
• Free
• Provide electricity to remote places
Disadvantages of Solar Energy
• Less efficient and costly equipment
• Part Time
• Reliability Depends On Location
• Environmental Impact of PV Cell
Production
 WIND
ENERGY
Wind Turbine
A wind system transforms the kinetic energy of
wind to mechanical or electrical energy.
Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture
the most energy.
Turbines catch the wind’s energy with their
propeller-like blades.
Usually two or three blades are mounted on a
shaft to form a rotor.
A blade acts much like an airplane wing.
Wind Turbine Components
A rotor, or blades, which convert the wind energy
into rotational shaft energy.
A nacelle (enclosure) containing a drive train,
usually including a gearbox and a generator.
A tower, to support the rotor and drive train
Electronic equipment such as controls, electric
cables, ground support equipment, and
interconnection equipment.
WIND TURBINE

SITE SELECTION
LAND COST
DISTANCE NEAR TO CITY
TRANSPORT
WIND EFFECTS
Wind Turbine Perspective
Workers Blade
112’ long

Nacelle
56 tons

Tower
3 sections

KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbine
Improvements
Concentrators
Operations/
Maintenance
Carnage!
 WIND ENERGY
 Wind Power Generation In India Is
More Than 20000 Mw(second Place
World Wide )

 Gujrat Is 3000mw (First Place)

 Andhra Pradesh Is 2000mw (Second

Place )

 Before Setting Of Wind Mill It Is

Necessary To Collect The Wind Data At
The Location
Beginning in 1859, water pumping Windmills helped
settle the American West
Utility Wind Farm Power Distribution
Wind Energy
Advantages
• High net energy yield
• Renewable and free
• Very clean source of energy
• No pollution (air or water) during operation
• Long operating life
• Low operating/maintenance costs
• Can be quickly built; not too expensive
• Now almost competitive with hydro and fossil fuels
• Land can be used for other purposes
• Can combine wind and agricultural farms
Wind Energy
Disadvantages
• Energy storage issues
• An intermittent source of energy; need backup (eg stored energy) for
low-wind days
• Or must be connected to the electrical grid
• Only practical in areas that are windy enough
• Visual pollution
• Danger to birds
• New (slow turning) designs largely eliminate this problem
• Low energy density of wind
• Must use large areas of land
 Final Thought
Argument that sun provides power only during the day is
countered by the fact that 70% of energy demand is during
daytime hours. At night, traditional methods can be used to
generate the electricity.
Goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels.
Currently, 75% of our electrical power is generated by coal-
burning and nuclear power plants.
Mitigates the effects of acid rain, carbon dioxide, and other
impacts of burning coal and counters risks associated with
nuclear energy.
pollution free, indefinitely sustainable.