HOMEOSTASIS
OBJECTIVES
Definition
Mechanism
Structures for homeostasis
kidney
What is
homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the
maintenance of a fairly
constant internal
environment in an organism
Homeostatic Parameters
For efficient functioning of body cells and healthy growth,
a living organism must be able to adjust to any change in
the physical and chemical conditions of its body fluids.
These conditions include temperature, PH, osmotic
pressure, concentrations of dissolved substances and
mineral ions.
MECHANISM OF
HOMEOSTASIS
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
CONTRACTILE VACUOLE
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS:
STRUCTURES KIDNEY
LIVER
OF SKIN
HOMEOSTASIS DUCTLESS GLAND ( HORMONES)
BRAIN
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
TYPES FEEDBACK FEEDBACK
Positive feedback is a Negative feedback is a type
Positive process in which the end of regulation in biological
Feedback products of an action
cause more of that action
systems in which the end
product of a process in turn
to occur in a feedback reduces the stimulus of that
& loop. This amplifies the same process.
original action.
Negative Feed Examples:
Exanples
Blood sugar regulation
back Digestion
Temperature regulation
Labor and Child birth
Blood Clotting
Ovulation
Evaluation
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kidney
STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
The mammalian kidney is a bean-
shaped, reddish brown organ
located in the posterior end of the
abdomen. The right kidney is
slightly lower in the body than the
left. Cutting a kidney longitudinally,
two distinct regions are observed;
an outer cortex and an inner
medulla.
FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
The kidney serves as the chief osmo-regulator and excretory
organ in the body of mammals, performing the following
functions:
a. It removes toxic wastes and harmful substances.
b. It produces heat during cold.
c. It excretes nitrogenous wastes like urea.
d. It regulates water level in the body
e. It assists to regulate pH of the body.
f. It maintains salt or ion-balance in the body.
KIDNEY AS AN OSMO-REGULATOR
CONTROL OF BLOOD
WATER BALANCE SODIUM IONS AND PH
When the body is dehydrated (little water in the When the concentration of sodium
body) which results from drinking small quantity ion in the blood is higher than
of water or losing water through sweat on a hot normal, the excess is excreted. If it is
day, the osmotic pressure of the blood
increased. The osmoreceptors in the lower, then more sodium ions are
hypothalamus detect the changes and reabsorbed. This process is regulated
stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete more by inhibiting or stimulating the
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which makes the
walls of the urinary tubules more permeable so
secretion of the hormone
that more water is reabsorbed into the blood; aldosterone.
therefore less water is lost from the body as The normal pH of the blood is 7.4.
concentrated urine. When the pH becomes acidic, the
When the body is hydrated (too much water in
the body) which results from drinking large hydrogen ions are excreted and when
quantity of water or on cold days when we it becomes alkaline, the hydrogen
sweat less, the osmotic pressure of the blood is carbonate ions are excreted.
lowered and less ADH is secreted and the wall
of the kidney becomes less permeable and
EVALUATION
more water is lost from the body as dilute urine.
KIDNEY DISEASES
1. Nephritis: - This is the inflammation of the blood vessels (glomeruli)
in Bowman’s capsule of nephron caused by bacteria (streplococci).
The blood vessels become porous and useful materials from the
blood are leaked into the glomerular filtrate. Inflamed blood vessels
can also be blocked as a result of accumulation of dead cells which
can lead to kidney failure.
2. Diuresis: This is a condition in which large quantities of dilute urine
are produced because the cells of the kidney tubules are not
reabsorbing water from the glomerular filtrate. Diuresis is common
in patients suffering from diabetics insipidus.
1.Kidney stones: These are stony masses of minerals
and organic matter formed in the urinary tubules.
Low water intake with high salt intake predisposes
someone to this disease by causing crystallization of
mineral salts which disturb the free flow of urine.
2.Dropsy (oedema):- This is a disease condition in which
the cells of Bowmans capsule are unable to absorb
water from the blood in the urinary tubules. This
causes water retention in the blood or tissue and
resulting swelling of some body parts
EFFECTS OF KIDNEY DISEASES
a. Presence of proteins and blood cells in urine (nephritis).
b. Swollen face and ankles resulting in constant weakness and sluggishness
(oedema).
c. Excessive urination with resulting weight loss (diuresis).
d. Abdominal pain due to obstruction to passage of urine. Also, high blood
pressure and bloody urine may result (kidney stone).
e. General body pains and fever (any of the renal disease)
f. High blood pressure, dizziness and fatique
REMEDY
a. Use of drugs e. g. antibiotics (nephritis), diuretics
(oedema)
b. Kidney transplant (diuresis, nephritis)
c. Dialysis: use of dialysis machine (artificial kidney) to filter
waste out of the patients blood (nephritis).
d. Reduction in water intake (oedema)
e. Taking excess water, and avoiding excessive intake of
food containing calcium (kidney stone)
Surgical operation called nephrectomy (kidney stones)
ASSIGNMENT
1. Why do people urinate more on a cold
day?
2. Explain briefly Dialysis
