Introduction To Steel Structures
CEng- 3102
Definition:
Steel – combination of iron with small amount of carbon normally
0.15 to 1.7 %
Lesser carbon is cast iron, higher carbon is wrought iron
Structural Steel – steel sections applied for structural component in
construction used to carry loads
This can be economically rolled into different variety of shapes and
sizes without changing its physical properties
Most desirable members are those with higher moment of
inertia in proportion with section’s area
Advantages of steel as structural materials
• High strength
• Uniformity
• Higher Ductility
• Fracture Toughness
• Addition to Existing structures
Other notes:
• Ability to be fastened together with simple connections
• Adaptation to prefabrication
• Speed of erection
• Ability to be rolled into wide variety of sizes and shapes
• Fatigue strength
• Possibility to reuse
Disadvantages
• Maintenance cost
• Fireproofing cost
• Susceptibility to buckling
• Brittle fracture
Important Scenario of Ductility
• Large displacements before collapse (as opposed to a brittle material,
which fails suddenly
• Energy dissipation as the steel yields (important for resisting
earthquake or other overloading
Field of application
• Roof truss and purlins
• Cable stayed bridges
• Suspended bridge
• Braced frames
• Shell system
• Telecommunication and power transmission towers
• Composite structures
Mechanical properties of structural steel.
Mechanical properties of steel.
Strength; is determined by the resistance of the material to
external loads and forces.
Elasticity; is the property of the material to restore its initial shape
after removal of the external loads.
Plasticity; is the reverse of elasticity, i.e. the property of a material
not to return to its initial dimensions after removal of the external
loads or, in other words, the property of obtaining permanent
sets.
Material behavior
• Modulus of elasticity(E)= 210GPa
• Shear modulus(G)= 80GPa
• Poison’s ratio (v)= 0.3
• Coefficient of linear thermal expansion ()= 12e-6/0c
• Density ()=7850kg/m3
Behavior of steel under tension.
• The strength property of steel can be obtained at
factory level or in lab.
• The typical test specimen is as shown below.
Con’t…
• The relation between the stress and strain follows the Hook’s Law; Robert
Hook around 1678 stated his low by the following equation: f = Eε.
• Nominal strength and grade of steel
Structural behavior
• The behavior of a structure depends on the load-
transferring action of its members and joints. This
may be almost entirely by axial tension or
compression, as in the triangulated structures
with joint loading as shown in Figure
Important Factors in using High Strength Steels
• Superior corrosion resistance
• Possible savings in shipping, erection and
foundation cost
• Use of shallower beams permitting smaller floor
depth
• Possible savings in fireproofing because of
smaller members
Responsibility of Structural Engineers
• Safety
• Cost
• Practicality
Economical Design of Steel Members
• The designer should select rolled members
• The blind assumption that the lightest section is
the cheapest maybe wrong
• The beams for the floors should be deeper
section, they have large moment of inertia and
high resisting moment
• Beam should be spaced maximum for cost of
erection
• Members should be painted only if required
• Follow same section design
• Built up section should consider transportation
cost
• Members should allow the location of pipes and
conduits
• Consider architectural requirements
Failure of Steel Structures
• Details of connections
• Deflection
• Erection problems
• Foundation settlements
Member type (fabrication)
• Hot rolled:-is a type of steel that is formed using
the hot rolling process at a temperature above its
recrystallization process.
Cold formed
• Cold rolling :- is a process by which the sheet metal or
strip stock is introduced between rollers and then
compressed and squeezed.
• Built-up sections:-are sections made of structural
units (such as plates and angles) which are riveted,
bolted, or welded together.
Reading assignment
• Advantages and disadvantages of built up sections
over rolled sections and the criteria's to choose
among them.
Application areas of steel structures
• Construction of Microwave and power transmission towers
Construction of Steel and composite building
• Construction of bridges and large span roofs
• Construction of Industrial and offshore structures
Construction of stadium roofs
The End!
Question?
