ELECTRONIC AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
AND DEVICES
Ashok Ranade
Syllabus
Analysis and design of passive circuits
with Voltage and current sources. Steady
state and transient analysis. Controlled
sources and active devices. Circuit
theorems. Transducers. Semiconductors,
Diodes, transistors and applications.
Operational Amplifiers.Oscillators Filters.
IC applications. Magnetic circuits .
Introduction to electrical machines
Books
Introduction To Electric Circuits :
By Richard C. Dorf and James A.
Svoboda
Wiley
Electrical Engineering
Giorgio Rizzoni
Tata-Mcgraw Hill
Electronic Principles
by Albert Malvino and Bates
Evaluation and Exams
Mid term Examination 30%
End term Examination 40%
Project 30%
Attendance Requirements
As per University guidelines
Revision of circuit theory
Ohm' s Law
v
i : i in amperes
R
v in volts
R in ohms
Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff’s Current law
The algebraic sum of currents into a node at any
instant is zero
Node is a junction of two or more elements
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
The algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop
in a circuit is identically zero for all time.
Loop is a closed path in a circuit that does not
encounter any intermediate node more than
once.
An Example using Current
law
+ - + -
V V1 V1 V1 V 2 Nodal
R1 R2 R3 method
V1 V 2 V 2
R3 R4
The example using voltage
Law
I1 I2
+ - + -
I1 and I2 are
V I1 R1 ( I1 I 2 ) R 2 also called
mesh currents
I 2 R3 I 2 R 4 ( I 2 I1 ) R 2 0 Loop method
Simulators
Computer programs
Build and test circuit
Designs can be tested without buying
actual components
In an actual circuit faulty design can
damage a
component
Two simulators
Tinkercad
Online
Components similar to physical components
Supports processors
Some limitations
Ltspice
Symbolic components
Frequency response easily obtained
Better for analog circuits
A voltage divider circuit
𝑉1
𝐼=
𝑅1 + 𝑅 2
=I
𝑉 1 𝑅2
𝑉 2=
𝑅1 + 𝑅 2
𝑉1
𝑉 2=
𝑅1
1+
𝑅2
A voltage divider circuit
𝑉 1
𝑉 2=
𝑅1
1+
𝑅2
If both resistors are
equal V2 = 0.5 V1
If R1 is much less
than R2 V2 almost
If R1 is much more
equals
To be Vverified
1 in a
than R2 ,V2 is small
compared to V1 simulator
Tinkercad demo and
exercise
Build the circuit in Tinkercad
Check the output voltage for three
conditions
Voltage divider
LTspice simulator
Ltspice demo
Drafting options
To get thicker or thinner lines in circuit
Select circuit window
Tools –Control panel-Drafting options- Pen
thickness
To change color of components
Tools –Control panel-Drafting options-color schem
You will get options for changing color of
background, lines, components etc
Drafting options for
waveforms
To change the thickness of the graph lines drawn
Tools- Control panel-Waveforms-Data trace width
To change colors
Tools- Control panel-Waveforms-color scheme
Options for background, various traces,axis etc
To change font size
Tools- Control panel-Waveforms-Font point size
Use of Label Net
This is useful for displaying voltages. If
you give a number to a node i.e. 2, on
the graph the voltage at that node will
be labled V(2)
In the main window- Label Net
A window opens with title Net Name
Enter the number you want and click OK
Drag the number and place it at the
desired node
Placing explanatory text on the
schematic
In the main window select the symbol
Aa
A window opens
Type whatever text you want and click
on ok
Drag and place the text wherever you
want
Getting two waveform
windows
Right click
here
After the right click
A window opens
Add plot pane
Two graph windows
Now select a window and plot voltage
or current as required
Two waveform windows
Concept of loading
V Circuit Circuit
s 1 2
Suppose the output from circuit 1 is some value
Vo when the circuit 2 is not connected.
When the circuit 2 is connected to the output of
circuit 1, the output will change
If this change is small then we say that circuit 2
does not load circuit 1.
But if the decrease in the output is large we say
that circuit 2 loads the circuit 1
Experiment
Since R3 + R4 is much larger than 100 ohms, the
effective resistance between node 2 and ground does
not change much and the output is close to 5 volts
Equivalent resistance
vs
is
R1 R2 R3
vs
is
Rs
Rs R1 R2 R3
In general
Rs R1 R2 R3 RN
Parallel circuit
I = I1 + I2
I = (V/R1) + (V/R2)
Net resistance
R = V/I =
(R1xR2)/(R1+R2)
Component ratings
A resistance of 10 watt rating
Will it dissipate 10 watts when connected to any
circuit ?
Actually 10 watts designates maximum power
that the resistance can handle without getting
damaged.
The actual dissipation will depend on the
resistance value and the current flowing through
it.
Similar remarks apply to current ratings and
breakdown voltages.
Component specifications
Value
Tolerance specification (+- 10 % etc)
Temperature coefficient
Conditions of measurement
i.e. b of a transistor at a specified
operating point
Problem types
Two types
Problems with unique solutions
Problems with more than one solution
Example
Problem with unique solution
A battery across a bulb
Voltage is known
Power dissipation of bulb given
Find the resistance
W = V2/R ; R = V2/W
Problem with non-unique
solution
A battery across a bulb
Power dissipation is specified
Find out the battery voltage and the
resistance
Now we have a equation W = V2/R
W is known but V and R are unknown
One equation but two unknowns
Assume one and calculate the other
Many pairs of V and R will satisfy the
equation
Analysis problems
Sources and circuit is known
Find the voltage or current through a
given element
Unique solution
A simple problem in
analysis
V2 = V1.R2/(R1+R2)
V1 = 10 volts
R1 = 10 kohms
R2 = 10 kohms
Find V2
V2 = 5 volts
A more general problem
More complicated circuit
Many simultaneous equations
Equations solved to get the required
voltage or current
Applications of analysis
Verification
Fault finding
Verification
Designer asked to
design to get the
output voltage of
exact 2 volts
The analysis of
the circuit will
show that
output is 2.22
volts. Design
Verification of analysis
incorrect
also might be
Fault finding
Common faults
Connection loose (Possible with breadboards)
Dry solder
One or more component
damaged and open circuited
One or more component
damaged and short circuited
Wrong connections
Fault finding procedures
A Suppose voltage
B across the
resistance R2 is
0 volts.
Check voltage
between A and
G
Suppose it is 5
G volts
Open circuit in the path ABG
What is the
significance?
Design
One example VR
V2 1 2
Input and output is known R1 R2
V 1
Find the circuit V
2
R
1 1 1
R2
V1 = 1 volt
V2 = 0.5 volt
Many solutions
R1=R2= 1kohm
R1=R2=10kohm
R1 = R2 = 100
kohms
Voltage divider with load
Suppose RL varies from 1 kohms to
5 kohms. And we want the output to
be approximately constant at say,
Vs/2. How will you chose R1 and R2
Potentiometer
Potentiometer
Vcc R2
V2
R1 R1 R2
V2
R2
Loaded Potentiometer
Suppose RL has a value of 5 Kohms.
How you will chose the potentiometer?
A more involved design
Output is often user defined
Audio amplifier for PA system
P0 = 30 watts
Good quality
Designer has to chose the
Gain
Frequency response
IC or transistor
Design cycle
1 Get specifications
2 Design
3 Analyze
4 Are specs satisfied? No
yes
5 Implement
6 Measure
7 Are specs satisfied? No
8 Stop
