NUM BE R
SYSTE M S
Module 1
TEXT BOOK
Floyd, “Digital
Fu n d a m e n t a l s ” , Pearson
Education, 10th Edition
(2011)
NUMBER SYSTEM
• A number system is a way of counting things. It is the set of characters
and mathematical rules that are used to represent a number.
• Two types: Additive System, Positional System
• Additive System: There is a distinct symbol for each kind of group
made during the counting process. The value of a number in an additive
system has nothing to do with the position. Eg: Roman Numeral System
Disadvantage: Calculations with roman numerals is difficult
NUMBER SYSTEM
Positional Number System: In this system the position of various digits
indicates the significance to be attached to that digit. Positional number systems
have a radix or a base. A number system with radix r will have r symbols.
System Base Symbols and use
Binary 2 0, 1 (Digital Computer System)
Quinary 5 0,1,2,3,4 (tally marks system)
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 (7 segment display)
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9
Duodecimal 12 0-9, A, B (Clock)
Hexadecimal 16 0, 1, … 9, A, B, … F (To define locations in memory)
QUANTITIES/COUNTING
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
0 000 0 0 9 1001 11 9
1 001 1 1 10 1010 12 A
2 010 2 2 11 1011 13 B
3 011 3 3
12 1100 14 C
4 100 4 4
13 1101 15 D
5 101 5 5
14 1110 16 E
6 110 6 6
15 1111 17 F
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8 16 10000 20 10
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
The radix of decimal numbers is ten, because only ten symbols
(0 through 9) are used to represent any number.
The column weights of decimal numbers are powers of ten that
increase from right to left beginning with 100 =1; for fractional
numbers, the column weights are negative powers of ten that
decrease from left to right:
102 101 100. 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 …
Example: - (47)10 - 4 has a weight 10(101) and 7 has a weight
1(100),
No: in terms of sum of values is 4x10 +
7x1=40+7=47
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
568.2310 =>(5x102)+(6x101)+(8x100)+(2x10-1)+(3x10-2)
= (5x100)+(6x10)+(8x1)+(2x0.1)+(3x0.01)
= 500 + 60 + 8 + 0.2 + 0.03
= 568.23
Exercise: Express the Following decimal numbers as a sum of values of each digit.
1) 82 = (8x101)+(2x100)
2) 11.62
3) 376.95
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
The binary number system has a base of 2; has two digits (1 & 0)
The value of a bit is determined by its position in the number.
The column weights of binary numbers are powers of two that increase
from right to left beginning with 20 =1: For fractional numbers, the
column weights are negative powers of two that decrease from left to
right:
22 21 20. 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 …
The right most bit is called LSB (Least Significant Bit)
The left most bit is called MSB (Most Significant Bit)
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
Using ‘n’ bits we can count up to a number equal to ‘2 n – 1’.
• 3 bits are required to count from 0 to 7 ie. 2 3 – 1
• 4 bits are required to count from 0 to 15 ie 2 4 – 1
Notice the pattern
of zeros and ones
in each column.
CONVERSIONS
1. Binary to Decimal : Multiply each digit of the binary number with its base,
(which is 2), raised to the power based on its position in the binary number.
2. Decimal to Binary : dividing the number by 2 recursively until you're left with
0, while taking note of each remainder.
BINARY TO DECIMAL
1. Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit; The weight is
the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
2. Add the weights that correspond to each 1 in the number
Convert the binary number 100101.01 to
decimal
Start by writing the column weights; then
add the weights that correspond to each 1
in the number.
25 24 23 22 21 20. 2-1 2-2
32 16 8 4 2 1 . ½
1¼ 0 0 1 0 1. 0 1
32 +4 +1 +¼ 37.25
EXERCISES
1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1 Exercises : Convert to Decimal.
1 x 21 = 2
1) 1011
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8 2) 1101101
0 x 24 = 0
3) 110000011
1 x 25 = 32
4) 10101000.11
4310
DECIMAL TO BINARY
Divide the decimal number by 2 until quotient is 0. Remainders (Read up) form the binary number.
To convert a decimal fraction to binary, repeatedly multiply the fractional results of successive
multiplications by 2. The carries form the binary number
1. (25)10 to Binary 2. (65)10 to Binary 3. (0.692)10 to Binary
EXERCISES
4. (162.375)10 to Binary
Exercises : Convert into binary
1. 11. 49
2. 0. 167
3. 555.56
4. 100.01
Decimal equivalent of 10101 is
…………..
19
12
27
21
Which number system has a
base 16
Hexadecimal
Decimal number 10 is equal to
binary number …………… Octal
1110 Binary
1010 Decimal
1001
1000
Dr. Deepa Mathews
