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Building Automation System by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 1

Source: http://smartbuildings.honeywell.com/resource/1458300080000/MEhsbs_whitepaper

Building Automation System by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 2

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What is a Smart building or an
Intelligent Building?
• Building is said to be smart if it:
• Is Energy efficient
• Is secured
• Improves the productivity of the people who live in the building.
• Data logging
• Increases the asset value
• Lower maintenance cost
• Environmentally Friendly
• Definition: Building that uses automated processes to control various
services such as HVAC, Lighting, Security etc.
• https://government.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/smart-sustainable-citie
s
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https://www.worldconstructiontoday.com/articl
es/top-10-benefits-of-having-smart-buildings/

• Benefiting from smart data:

• Smart buildings give us the necessary data pertaining to electricity,
water consumption, hourly space utilization, etc. This data further helps
the residents to take corrective action pertaining to their constructive
utilization. The best part is all the data gets collected centrally and
hence simplifies the entire process even further.
• Smart buildings follow green norms
• There is no wastage of energy in its premises which goes on to show
that they act as per the ecological consumption guidelines.

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Smarter buildings need BAS
• Building Automation Systems (BAS) automate all the services and operations in a building
to make the building smarter.
• BAS is also referred as Building Management System (BMS) etc
• It is integrated processor-based system or a computerized building control systems.
• BAS is one of the major intelligent building systems

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BAS Automates Building Services
such as:
• Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems
• Lighting systems
• Fire safety systems
• Security systems

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Building Automation System (BAS)

•Module 1: Topics
• Introduction to BAS
• What is a Smart building?
• Benefits of BAS
• Architecture of BAS
• Direct Digital Controllers & Softwares
• Networks, Standards & Communication Protocols used in BAS

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What are the benefits of having a
BAS
• Enhances the staff productivity
• Increases efficiency of a person due to improved environmental conditions (Comfort level- lighting, air quality,
air conditioning etc)
• Building Management
• BAS provides the most cost- effective means for staff to manage the building. This means, monitoring the
conditions and services and maintaining them at the required level always. It also means being able to respond
quickly and efficiently to changes.
• Increased reliability of plant and services
• Plant runs properly without breakdowns and to preserve efficient operation.
• Failure of a component almost always results in a more expensive repair or replacement than would have been
necessary with timely periodic attention.
• A BAS can make a significant contribution towards guaranteeing the operation by monitoring the system
continuously and providing preventative maintenance. Typical examples are equipment alerts when the
predetermined operating time has been reached and in the case of equipment performance having been
degraded to a certain level.

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• Reduced operating costs
• One of the major expenses in operating a building is the cost of energy required for
heating, air- conditioning and illuminating the space. A key function of the BAS is to
reduce the energy costs as much as practically possible. Typical examples of this are
programmed start/stop, duty cycling, set- point reset and chiller optimizations.
• The personnel used to maintain a building and its services is a significant portion of the
overall operating costs nowadays due to increased remuneration costs and the increased
sophistication of modern building services systems. The contribution which a BAS
provides to reducing manpower requirements can have a major effect on the annual cost
of running a building.
• Protection of people and equipment
• BAS is a communication system can be put to work sending alarms to an operator or
security service in the event of smoke, fire, intrusion or situations that could possibly
damage equipment.
• It can also control access to itself by providing the building manager with the capability
of granting different levels of access to various staff members.

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BAS at MAHE Dubai Campus

• BAS is used for:

• monitoring & controlling HVAC systems
• Monitoring Fire-fighting systems
• Monitoring status of Elevators

• Following services or operations are not part of BAS at MAHE Dubai

Campus:
• CCTV
• Lighting controls
• Access controls
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 Central
Workstation

Architecture of RemoteAccess

BAS

HVAC Access CCTV FireAlarm Lighting Energy

Control Management

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 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
Amount of hot water supply is adjusted
as per the signal

HWS- Hot Water

https://buildingretuning.pnnl.gov/training/ddc_control_fundamentals/ddc_controls_part_1_pnwd-sa-8834.pdf
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 Temperature Control in an HVAC
system

Source: Report on “Building Automation & Control Systems- An Investigation into

Vulnerabilities, Current Practice & Security Management Best Practice” by David J Brooks
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Direct Digital Control (DDC) control
loop

Ref: Controls and Automation for Facilities Managers: Applications Engineering By Viktor Boed
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 Temperature Sensor
(Input Device)
• Thermostat is shown in the Figure.
• Converts temperature into equivalent
voltage
• In HVAC, thermostat is used as a sensor
• It has thermistor (Temperature
dependent resistor) to sense the
temperature.
• Unit also has a humidity sensor.
• Manual temperature setting is also
possible.

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NTC Thermistor characteristics

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 Resolution indicates
smallest change:

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10- bit Analog to Digital Converter
(ADC)
Binary (10 bit) Decimal

0000000000 0

0000000100 4 (22)

1000000000 512 (29)

1111111111 1023 (29+28+27+26+25+24+23+22+21+20)

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Direct Digital Control
• A method of monitoring and controlling HVAC system performance by
collecting, processing, and sending information using sensors,
actuators, and microprocessors.
• It uses Digital Controls

Ref: Ryan R. Hoger, “Introduction to Building Automation Systems (BAS)”, 2013

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Temperature Sensor:
Example: If a temperature sensor has an input range of 0 to 120 oF and an output range of 0 to 12V, then 12V
will be the output of sensor when the temperature is 120 oF.

Since DDC requires digital input, Sensor analog output must be converted to digital (Binary digits).

A/D Converter:
• It converts 0 to 12V analog range to digital output.
• Output is a digital value comprising of group of binary digits (bits)
• 4- bit A/D converter will have 24 digital output values ranging from 0 to 15 (Decimal)
• 00000 decimal
• 00011 decimal
• Similary 111115 decimal
• If we have, 10-bit A/D converter, number of digital outputs will be 2 10 ranging from 0 to 1023 (Decimal)
• Relationship between temperature sensed by the sensor and output of A/D converter is shown below:

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Controlled Device
(Actuator + Valve)
(Found in HVAC
system)

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Controls
chill water
flow in a
pipe

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Controlled Device
Thermo-electric
Actuator used in
HVAC system

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DDC Closed Loop

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Digital Controller

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BAS system network architectureVLC Visual Logic Controller

BACtalk Control Module (BCM)

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 It has workstation which provides access to all the connected
devices (Monitoring & Controlling) using Graphic display. Its
server has a database which records all the events.

It is a global controller which is integrated with Field level

controllers such as Visual Logic Controller (VLC) through MS/TP
connection. This controller several types of BCM Modules
connected in series. BCM Modules are integrated with workstation.

Field controllers consists of VLCs or DDCs which will directly

control sensors/actuators.

This level has all the input and controlled devices

such as sensors & actuators.
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 https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/
SiteCollectionDocuments/bms-the-
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basics-explained.pdf
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BACtalk Control Module (BCM) (Core component of DDC)
• BACtalk control modules (BCMs) present a revolutionary approach to
global control and network integration in BACnet building automation
systems.
• Cascaded BCM Modules

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Types of BCM Modules
BCM-PWS BCM-ETH BCM- MS/TP
Master
The BCM-PWS is a The BCM-ETH supports one The BCM-MS/TP supports one
power supply module, BACnet Ethernet connection and BACnet MS/TP connection, with a
providing conditioned one MS/TP connection, with a powerful 32-bit processor to host
power for up to seven powerful 32-bit processor to host programming and automation.
BCMs connected in programming and automation. MS/TP Master Slave Token
series Passing

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