COLLECTION AND
ORGANIZATION
OF DATA
Collection of Data
◉ Survey
Are structured sets of questions designed to
gather information from a group of people.
They provide a systematic way to collect
opinions, preferences, or facts.
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Collection of Data
◉ Observation
Obtain the required information through
direct observation, measurement or
counting.
For example we can observe and count the
number of passengers travelling by boat
from Zamboanga to Basilan from 9 A.M. to
10:30 A.M
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Collection of Data
◉ Interview
Obtain the required information through
household surveys, street surveys, or even
telephone interviews.
For example, we can get television rating by
doing actual interviews.
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Collection of Data
◉ Counting
Obtain the required information through
actual and real experiments.
For example, we can record the number of
heads in tossing 5 coins.
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Collection of Data
◉ Measurement
Obtain the required information from the
answers provided in the set of
questionnaires.
For example, we can collect customers’
opinions towards a certain product by using
questionnaires
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ORGANIZATION
OF DATA
What is your favorite leisure
activity?
◉ Browsing Facebook and other social media
◉ Watching television
◉ Watching movies/videos in Netflix, Youtube or other similar media
◉ Playing online games
◉ Listening to music
◉ Playing board games
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Frequency Distribution
Table
A frequency table is a table that lists numerical
data that have been grouped in intervals and the
frequency of occurrence of the data.
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How do you construct a frequency table?
◉ A frequency table is constructed by arranging collected data values in ascending
order of magnitude with their corresponding frequencies. The data values are then
grouped in intervals (e.g. 0-5,5-10). Following a rule for boundary values, frequency
counts are noted for each interval.
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15 23 30 37 45
17 25 32 37 45
18 25 33 38 46
19 25 33 38 46
20 26 33 39 47
21 26 34 41 48
22 27 35 44 49
22 29 36 44 50
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STEPS IN CREATING FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE
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STEPS IN CREATING FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE
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𝑛=40 ;𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
35
𝑐 .𝑖 .=
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𝑘= √ 40
𝑘=6.32 𝑐 .𝑖 .=5.83
𝑘= 6 𝑐 .𝑖 .=6
𝑘=𝑛𝑜 . 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
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STEPS IN CREATING FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE
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Class Limits
◉ Are the values at the two ends of each class interval. The smaller
value is the lower class limit and the greater value is the upper
class limit.
◉ Upper Class Limit= Lower Class Limit + Class Interval - 1
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Class Limits Tally Frequency
15-20 IIIII 5
21-26 IIIII-IIII 9
27-32 IIII 4 15 23 30 37 45
33-38 IIIII-IIIII 10 17 25 32 37 45
39-44 IIII 4 18 25 33 38 46
45-50 IIIII-III 8 19 25 33 38 46
20 26 33 39 47
21 26 34 41 48
Upper Class Limit= Lower Class Limit + Class Interval – 1 22 27 35 44 49
Class Interval=6
22 29 36 44 50
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Class Mark
◉ The average of the upper class limit and the lower class limit for
each class of data, that is
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Class Boundary
◉ In each of the data, the minimum possible value is called the
lower class boundary while the maximum possible value is called
the upper class boundary
𝐿𝐶𝐵= 𝐿𝐿− 0.5
𝑈𝐶𝐵=𝑈𝐿+ 0.5
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Class Width
◉ The difference between the upper class boundary and the lower
class boundary for each class of data.
◉ CW= UCB-LCB
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Relative Frequency and
Percentage
Distribution
◉ The relative frequency for a class is the ratio of the number of entries in a class to
the total number of entries
◉ The percentage of a class is obtained by multiplying the relative frequency of that
class by 100. A percentage distribution shows the percentage for all classes.
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Class Class LCB UCB Relative
Tally Frequency (f) Percentage
Limits Mark (x) (LL-0.5) (UL+0.5) Frequency
15-20 IIIII 5 17.5 14.5 20.5 0.125 12.5
21-26 IIIII-IIII 9 23.5 20.5 26.5 0.225 22.5
27-32 IIII 4 29.5 26.5 32.5 0.1 10
33-38 IIIII-IIIII 10 35.5 32.5 38.5 0.25 25
39-44 IIII 4 41.5 38.5 44.5 0.1 10
45-50 IIIII-III 8 47.5 44.5 50.5 0.2 20
40
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