Key words
Symbol
Period
Mixture
ductile
Physical change
magnetic
chemical change
condensation
Proton
sublimation
Liquid
atom
Thermal energy
precipitate
Freezing
malleable
Compound
conductor
chemical reaction
corrosion
Molecule
electron
superheated gases
Neutron
coalesce
Gas
vaporization
deposition=frost
coalesce
matter
heterogeneous mixture
atomic number
homogeneous mixture
atomic mass
combustibility
periodic table
nucleus
evaporation
boiling
element
conservation of mass
EVERYTHING in the Universe
can be divided up into . . .
Forces & Particles
Gravity Matter
Magnetism Anti-Matter
Strong Nuclear Forces
Weak Nuclear Forces
Forces
Gravity Magnetism
Acts on Acts on
ALL matter charged particles
Always pulls Pulls or pushes
Strong & weak Nuclear Forces
hold the nucleus together
Forces
Gravity Magnetism
Acts on Acts on
ALL matter charged particles
Always pulls Pulls or pushes
Magnetism is about 1040 times more
powerful than gravity.
10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,
000,000,000,000,000.
Particles
Matter anti-Matter
Example:
electron positron
e-1 e+1
The picture below shows three objects
that can be classified in the same
group. Which of the following
statements is true for all three of these
objects?
They are metals.
They rust rapidly.
They weigh the same.
They are the same color.
Which pair of
elements is
MOST similar?
Ca and F
Na and Cl
Ne and Ar
Copper is an element that is used in
electrical wires. What is the smallest
unit of copper that still maintains the
characteristics of copper?
the atom
the electron
the nucleus
the proton
In making a pizza, which
process involves a chemical
change?
Mixing spices for the sauce
Slicing pepperoni for the
topping
Spreading cheese on the pizza
Baking the dough to form the
crust
What is the smallest
particle of the element
gold (Au) that can still be
classified as gold?
atom
molecule
neutron
proton
Which of the following illustrations
represents a pure substance?
If 1 kg of the compound
toluene melts at –95°C, then
500 g of toluene will
melt at –47.5°C.
melt at –95°C.
boil at 95°C.
boil at 47.5°C.
The drawing below
represents a bit used
in a power drill.
Which of the following
metals is most
suitable for making
this drill bit?
aluminum
copper
Which statement about the molecules in ice
and the molecules in liquid water is correct?
The molecules in ice have more energy
than the molecules in liquid water.
The molecules in ice contain different
atoms than the molecules in liquid water.
The molecules in ice have more electric
charge than the molecules in liquid water.
The molecules in ice are less free to move
than the molecules in liquid water.
Which formulas
represent compounds?
O 2, H 2O 2
CO2, H2O
H2, CO2
H2, O 2
Which is an example of
a chemical change?
pepper being ground
onto a salad
a match being lit
sugar being dissolved
in water
wood being chopped
Which statement is correct concerning
the mass of a ball of clay?
The mass changes as the altitude of
the ball of clay changes.
The mass changes as the shape of the
ball of clay changes.
The mass of the ball of clay is
unchanged by altitude or shape.
The mass is doubled when the ball of
clay is divided into two equal pieces.
Mary wants to find the density
of a small stone. Which tools
will she need?
a meterstick and a
thermometer
a thermometer and a balance
a balance and a graduated
cylinder
a graduated cylinder and a
meterstick
If different kinds of atoms are
represented by different
colored dots, which picture
represents a sample of a
compound?
If different kinds of atoms
are represented by
different colored dots,
which picture below
represents a mixture?
Which of the following
is a compound?
oxygen
water
nitrogen
air
Evidence of a chemical change
would be a
melting popsicle.
spinning top.
spilled bucket of water.
rusting car fender.
Which symbol
represents carbon?
Ca
N
K
C
Moisture that collects on
the outside of a cold glass
results from the process of
evaporation.
condensation.
sublimation.
vaporization.
Particles
Matter anti-Matter
Example:
Proton anti-Proton
P +1 P -1
Quarks Leptons
Matter
2
Up electron
3
e-1
Down -1
3
Tevatron - world's highest-energy
particle accelerator.
Four miles in circumference
Particles go around at 99.9999% of the
speed of light.
We send protons and
antiprotons in opposite
directions, and smash them
together.
Particle
accelerator
Proton
Made of
d
3 Quarks
1 up
2 down
u
d
Neutron
Made of
3 Quarks u
2 up
1 down
d
u
Can we see atoms?
magnesium
atoms (white)
above boron
atoms (grey)
seen by the
transmission
electron
microscope
Photon a particle of light.
Electromagnetic radiation
ALL light. Visible AND invisible
visible light , x-rays, gamma rays, radio
waves, microwaves, ultraviolet rays,
infrared.
Photon a particle of light
Laser
Electromagnetic
radiation
A prism bends light.
Different Colors are bent
by different amounts.
White Light
Mass comparison
Proton is about
2000 x electron
Electron is about
1,000,000 x photon
e -1
-1
.
Proton Electron Photon
DO everything be made of
matter ?
What are the building blocks of
matter ?
How many elements are there?
What B da opposite of a
Proton Neutron Electron
Electron shell / Electron cloud
Nucleus
The Atom
Nucleus
The center of the atom.
(it has protons & neutrons)
Electron shell / Electron cloud
The Atom
Proton Neutron Electron
Mass 1 dalton 1 dalton 0.0005
Charge +1 0 -1
1 dalton = 1 a.m.u.
Proton Neutron Electron
S orbital (2 electrons maximum)
Proton Neutron Electron
P orbital
(6 electrons maximum)
Proton Neutron Electron
P orbital
(6 electrons max.)
d orbitals
z
d xz d xy z d yz z
x
y y x y x
d x2-y2 z z
d z2
x x
y y
Proton Neutron Electron
S orbital P orbital
1st Shell of electrons
S orbital
2nd Shell of electrons
S orbital P orbital
3rd Shell of electrons
2 6 10
S orbital P orbital D
orbital
4th Shell of electrons
2 6 10 14
s orbital p orbital d orbital f orbital
Element
Atom(s) having a
specific number of
Protons.
Elements
• Made of atoms (basic unit of matter)
• specific number of protons.
• Over 100
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Shell S P
subshell subshell
1 √ x
2 √ √
3 √ √
1S
2S
2P
3S
3P
Atomic Number
The number of Protons
in an atom.
H
1 +1
1.008
Hydrogen
Happines
Unhappy
Unstable
HIGH energy
Happy
Stable
LOW energy
My fan club
Atom Atom
Atom
Atom
atomic happiness
Electronic Balance
Zero charge FULL SHELL
P orbital full
(except He)
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Halogen
Neon Inert Gas
Noble Gas
Shells
Atom 1S 2S 2P
3S
H
He
Li
Be
Shells
Atom 1S 2S 2P
3S
B
C
N
O
Shells
Atom 1S 2S 2P
3S
F
Ne
Shells
Atom 1S 2S 2P
3S
Na
Mg
Al
Si
?
H
He
Li Be B C N
O F Ne
The number of
Na Mg Al Si P electrons
in the outside shell.
Atomic number
(number of protons)
H
1 +1
Charge
average
Atomic
1.008 weight
Atomic number
(number of protons)
H
(exact) 2 1 +1
Atomic Charge
weight
Atomic number
(number of protons)
F
9 -1
Charge
average
Atomic
18.998 weight
Isotopes
H
1 2
H H
3
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element
(same number of protons) with
a different number of
neutrons.
H H
Cuanto Neutrons tienen ?
12 6 13 6
C C
Isotopes
12
C C
13
6 protons 6 protons
6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons
Isotopes
321 321
12
12 66 13
13 66
Legend
C Proton
Neutron
Electron C
The rules:
The 1S orbital fills first
1S , 2S , 2P , 3S , 3P
S only holds 2
P only holds 6
Noble (inert) Gases Group #8 atoms
P shell full
Very non-reactive
VERY happy
Metals Dense
Extra electrons Shiny
Conductive Ductile
Malleable
You walk into science class and discover
a pile of shiny, silvery objects on your
desk. Your teacher tells the class they
will need to identify the element in each
sample using the periodic table. Where
on the periodic table, will you likely
need to start looking?
a. on the right hand side
b. on the left hand side
c. near the top
d. near the bottom.
Metal an atom with 1-3 extra valence
electrons.
Shiny
Dense
Malleable
Ductile
Electrical conductors
Thermal conductors
K Reactivity of metals
Na R
Ca e
Mg a
Al
Mn
c
t mo reactive
mo reactive
Cr
Fe i
Cd v
Sn
i
Pb
Cu t
Hg y
Ag
Au
Pt
Individual metal atoms
with free outer shell electrons
Metallic Bond the sharing of valence
electrons by neighboring metal atoms.
Electricity - electrons moving through a
metal wire.
Non-Metals
missing electrons
Non-Conductive
NOT Malleable
Dull
Metalloids
Partly conductive
States of
Matter
There are 4 States of Matter
(NOT really)
Solid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid Hot
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
“Superheated Gas”
When atoms are so hot,
they lose ALL
of their
electrons.
Boiling Condensation
Freezing
Melting
Sublimation
When a solid
turns directly
into a gas.
Dry ice is
solid CO2
Condensation
When a gas
turns into
into a liquid.
Dry ice is
solid CO2
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Made of
Atoms
Holds
its shape
Atoms move
past each
other
The solid, liquid, and gaseous states
of water differ from each other in
the mass of the individual atoms.
the size of the individual atoms.
the net electrical charge of the
individual molecules.
the average speed of movement of
the individual molecules.
Fireworks contain different elements in
them for displaying different colors.
The different colors occur because:
a.the different elements burn at different
temperatures.
b.atoms of various elements react with
each other differently.
c.atoms of various elements emit light at
different frequencies.
d.atoms of different elements have
different numbers of protons.
Ionic bond
Li F
2 2
1 1
Ionic bond
Li F
2 2
1 1
Ionic bond
Li +1
F -1
2 2
1 1
The attraction between a cation
and an anion.
Crystal - a solid network of
cations and anions held
together by ionic bonds.
Ion
An atom or molecule
with a + or – charge.
+
Cation
an ion with a positive charge.
-
Anion A
an ion with a Negative charge.
I
O
N
Cations
H +
Hydrogen
Na+ Sodium
Mg +2
Magnesium
Ca+2 Calcium
Ag +2
Silver
mo’ Cations
Fe+2 Iron (II) Ferrous
Fe+3
Iron (III) Ferric
Cu Copper (I) Cuprous
+1
Cu+2 Copper (II) Cupric
NH4 +
Ammonium
Anions
F-1
Fluoride
Cl Chloride
-1
Br Bromide
-1
I -1
Iodide
The Halogens
Anions OH Hydroxide
-1
NO2-1 Nitrite
NO3 Nitrate
-1
PO4 -3
Phosphate
SiO4 -2
Silicate
SO4-2 Sulfate
MoO4 -3
Molybdate
B4O7 -2
Borate
Cathode Anode
+ -
NeverReady
SALT - a Cation and an Anion
held together by an ionic bond.
Solution
Solvent Solute
H2 O NaCl
O
SolVent SolUte
TheEchemical TheNchemical
in aRsolution in aDsolution
that makes up thatEmakes up
the greatest part. theRleast part.
Sol ent
The chemical
in a solution
that makes up
the greatest part.
Salt Solution
Solvent
Solute
Legend Crystal
Cation
Anion
Salt
Water
Covalent bond
when two atoms share a pair of
electrons.
P +1 P+1
Covalent bond
when two atoms share a pair of
electrons.
P+1 P+1
It’s like both atoms
have a filled orbital.
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons
between 2 atoms.
(or even 2 or 3 pairs of electrons).
H2
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons
between 2 atoms.
Li2
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of electrons
between 2 atoms.
Cl2
Molecule
Two or more atoms
bonded together.
Compound Complex
A molecule with more
than one element.
Common chemicals
H 2O 2
NH3
NaOH
NaClO
I2
Combustibility
The tendency to
react with
Oxygen O2 .
Common Oxides
H + O2 H 2O
C + O2 CO2
N + O2 NO2
O + O2 O3
SiO2
Si + O2
Fe2O3
Fe + O2
Reaction Types
Nuclear Chemical Physical
Protons Bonds No change
& made/ brokenin atoms
Neutrons phase
change Electrons change
exchanged light
emission/
absorption
Reaction Types
Nuclear
Proton Neutron
Change in the nucleus
Gain or lose Protons , Neutrons,
Alpha, Beta particle
Fission, Fusion, Radiation
Reaction Types
2
1
Chemical
Bonds are made / broken
Change in oxidation states
Plasma
Li +1
P+1 P+1
evidence of Chemical Change:
development of a gas
formation of precipitate
change in color
NOT a Chemical Change:
crystalization
sublimation fluorescence
more evidence of
a Chemical Change:
light
fire
Flame Test
http://webmineral.com/help/FlameTest.shtml
Precipitate
formation of insoluble
ionic compounds.
You get up in the morning and make
toast for breakfast. You notice the
color changes from light to dark.
Later on that day in science class,
your teachers asks for every day
examples of physical and chemical
changes.
Should you volunteer your toast as an
example of a physical or chemical
change?
Why?
Lucy noticed that her coin collection had
begun to tarnish. Some of the metal in
the coins had begun to change color.
The formation of tarnish is most similar
to which of the following changes?
shredding a piece of paper into
hundreds of tiny strips
dropping a dinner plate on the floor
melting ice cubes in a glass of juice
burning a piece of paper to ashes in a
fireplace
Simple Reactions
Synthesis Decomposition
(Combination)
Single Double
Replacement Replacement
Synthesis A + B AB
Decomposition A B A + B
Single
AB + C A + CB
Replacement
Double AB + C D AD + C B
Replacement
Synthesis A + B AB
Decomposition A B A + B
Single
AB + C A + CB
Replacement
Double AB + C D AD + C B
Replacement
A displacement reaction:
metallic copper with silver nitrate
Cu + Ag NO3
Ag + Cu(NO3)2
Balancing equations
Ag + Cl2 2 AgC
1 2 1 1
2 2
Both sides must be equal
for ALL atoms.
2+
Ag Cl2 2 AgC
1 2 1 1
2 2 2
Both sides must be equal
for ALL atoms.
CH4 + O2 CO2+
1 4 2 1 2 H 2O 1
2
CH4 + O2 CO
2 2+
1 4 2 1 2 H 2O 1
2
4 2
CH42+ O2 CO
2 2+
1 4 2 1 2 H 2O 1
2
4 4 2
Ag + Cl2 AgC
1 2 1 1
Both sides must be equal
for ALL atoms.
Reaction Types
Physical
No change in atoms / molecules
phase change (gas, liquid, solid)
light emission/absorption
Dissolving
Electrons passing through metals
Pure substance Mixture
Pure substance vs. Mixture
Only ONE element has 2 or more
or compound. elements/
(distilled water) compounds.
A chocolate chip cookie is an
example of a _______, because
______________.
a. compound, the ingredients are
chemically bonded.
b. compound, it is the same
throughout.
c. mixture, you can separate out
the chips.
d. mixture, you cannot distinguish
between the ingredients.
Distilled water
Air is a mixture of several gases.
Name Formula amount
Nitrogen N2 78 %
Oxygen O2 21 %
Argon Ar 1%
Carbon CO2 0.03 %
Dioxide
Air is a mixture of several gases
Name Formula amount
Neon Ne 0.002 %
Methane CH4 0.0002 %
Helium He 0.000524 %
Krypton Kr 0.000114 %
Hydrogen H2 0.00005 %
Xenon Xe 0.0000087 %
Nitrogen, Oxygen and Helium are pure
substances in a gaseous state.
Atoms are NOT the same as molecules.
Air and oxygen are NOT the same.
Helium and hot air are NOT the same.
Helium and hot air are NOT the same.
Diffusion the natural mixing of
two substances. It is caused
by random molecular
motion.
Radioactivity
lp h a
A e
ic l
P ar t
Beta Particle
(Electron)
Ga
m ma
Positron P
emission (lig artic
ht) le
Radioactivity
radioactive particles and rays
Alpha Particle
2 Protons
2 Neutrons
Beta Particle
(Electron)
Gamma Particle (light)
Radioactive decay
Radioactivity
Change in the nucleus of an atom
Loss of an Alpha, Beta, or
Gamma particle
3 forms of Radioactive Decay
Radioactivity
Alpha Changes 2P 2N
emission atomic
Weight
Beta Neutron electron
emission turns into
a Proton
Gamma light
emission
It’s time to learn about . . .
Avogadro asked . . .
Q: If ONE Hydrogen atom
weighs 1.008 daltons,
how many Hydrogen atoms
would it take to weigh
1.008 grams ?
1
H
1.008
Answer: 6.023 x 1023 that many
602,300,000,000,000,000,000,000
Q: If ONE Sodium atom weighs
22.99 daltons,
how many Sodium atoms would it
take to weigh 22.99 grams ?
11
Na
22.990
What does one Mole of Lithium
atoms weigh ?
What does one Mole of Carbon
atoms weigh ?
What does one Mole of O2
molecules weigh ?
What does one Mole of Water
molecules weigh ?
Six
munths
ago
I cudnt
evun spelt
chemissed
.
An now I
are one.
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