C - STRING

Abu Sayeed
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineerin
 C - STRING
 strings are arrays of chars. String literals are words surrounded
by double quotation marks.
"This is a static string"
 The string in C programming language is actually a one-
dimensional array of characters which is terminated by a null
character '\0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains the
characters that comprise the string followed by a null.
 A string can be declared as a character array or with a string
pointer.
 The following declaration and initialization create a string
consisting of the word "Hello". To hold the null character at the
end of the array, the size of the character array containing the
string is one more than the number of characters in the word
"Hello."
Or

Or
char *greeting = “Hello” ;
 C - STRING
 Following is the memory presentation of above defined
string in C/C++:

 It's important to remember that there will be an extra

character on the end on a string, literally a '\0' character,
just like there is always a period at the end of a sentence.
Since this string terminator is unprintable, it is not counted
as a letter, but it still takes up a space. Technically, in a fifty
char array you could only hold 49 letters and one null
character at the end to terminate the string.
 Actually, you do not place the null character at the end of a
string constant. The C compiler automatically places the '\0'
at the end of the string when it initializes the array.
 C - STRING
 Let us try to print above mentioned string:

 Note: %s is used to print a string.

 STRING POINTER
 String pointers are declared as a pointer to a char.
 When there is a value assigned to the string pointer

the NULL is put at the end automatically.

 Take a look at this example:
 STRING POINTER
 It is not possible to read, with scanf(), a string with a
string pointer. You have to use a character array and
a pointer. See this example:
 READING A LINE OF TEXT

gets() and puts() are two string functions to take string input
from user and display string respectively
 STRING RELATED OPERATIONS
 Find the Frequency of Characters in a String
 Find the Number of Vowels, Consonants, Digits and White
space in a String
 Reverse a String by Passing it to Function
 Find the Length of a String
 Concatenate Two Strings
 Copy a String
 Remove all Characters in a String except alphabet
 Sort a string in alphabetic order
 Sort Elements in Lexicographical Order (Dictionary
Order)
 Change Decimal to Hexadecimal Number
 Convert Binary Number to Decimal
FIND THE FREQUENCY OF CHARACTERS
C PROGRAM TO FIND FREQUENCY OF CHARACTERS IN A STRING
This program computes
frequency of characters
in a string i.e. which
character is present how
many times in a string.

For example in the string

"code" each of the
character 'c', 'o', 'd', and
'e' has occurred one
time.

Only lower case

alphabets are
considered, other
characters (uppercase
and special characters)
are ignored. You can
easily modify this
program to handle
uppercase and special
symbols.
FIND NUMBER OF VOWELS, CONSONANTS, DIGITS AND
WHITE SPACE CHARACTER

Output
REVERSE STRING

To solve this
problem, two
standard library
functions strlen() an
d strcpy() are used
to calculate length
and to copy string
respectively.
 CALCULATED LENGTH OF A STRING WITHOUT
USING STRLEN() FUNCTION
You can use standard library function strlen( ) to find the length of a
string but, this program computes the length of a string manually
without using strlen( ) funtion.
 CONCATENATE TWO STRINGS MANUALLY
You can concatenate two strings using standard library
function strcat( ) , this program concatenates two strings manually
without using strcat( ) function.
COPY STRING MANUALLY

You can use the strcpy( )

function to copy the
content of one string to
another but, this
program copies the
content of one string to
another manually
without using strcpy( )
function.
REMOVE CHARACTERS IN STRING EXCEPT ALPHABETS

This program
takes a string
from user and
for loop
executed until
all characters of
string is
checked. If any
character inside
a string is not a
alphabet, all
characters after
it including null
character is
shifted by 1
position
backwards.
 SORT A STRING IN
ALPHABETIC ORDER
C program to sort a string in alphabetic
order: For example if user will enter a
string "programming" then output will
be "aggimmnoprr" or output string will
contain characters in alphabetical
order.
SORT ELEMENTS IN LEXICOGRAPHICAL ORDER
(DICTIONARY ORDER)

This program takes 10 words

from user and sorts
elements in lexicographical
order. To perform this task,
two dimensional string is
used.
 C LIBRARY FUNCTIONS
 C supports a wide range of functions that manipulate
null-terminated strings:
Following example makes use of few of the above-mentioned
functions:
 STRCAT( ) FUNCTION
 strcat( ) function concatenates two given strings. It
concatenates source string at the end of destination string.
 Syntax for strcat( ) function is given below.
 char * strcat ( char * destination, const char * source );
 Example :
 strcat ( str2, str1 ); - str1 is concatenated at the end of str2.
strcat ( str1, str2 ); - str2 is concatenated at the end of str1.
 As you know, each string in C is ended up with null character
(‘\0′).
 In strcat( ) operation, null character of destination string is
overwritten by source string’s first character and null
character is added at the end of new destination string which
is created after strcat( ) operation.
 EXAMPLE PROGRAM FOR STRCAT( )
 In this program, two strings “is fun” and “C tutorial”
are concatenated using strcat( ) function and result is
displayed as “C tutorial is fun”.

Output:
Source string = is fun
Target string = C tutorial
Target string after strcat( ) = C tutorial is
fun