to
all the participants of
the
Training programme
on
“Orientation Course
On
Medical Record &
Information
Topic –Tabulation and Graphical Presentation of
Data.
Data :
☻ Facts expressed in numerical terms.
☻Consists of discrete observations or attributes
carrying little meaning.
Qualitative vrs quantitative.
Classification of data
Discrete vrs continuous.
Grouped vrs ungrouped.
Primary vrs secondary.
PRESENTATION OF DATA
When some information are collected from
various sources it is called as raw data.
For clear understanding and to bring out
the important conclusion the raw data
should be compiled, classified and
presented in a purposive manner.
Principles of presentation of data
The data should be arranged in such way
that it will create interest in a reader.
The data should be concise without losing
any important details.
Presentation should be in simple form.
It should facillate the further statistical
analysis.
It should define some specific problems
and suggest its solution.
METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF
DATA.
Two important methods are
1) Tabulation.
2) Charts and Diagrams.
I. Tabulation
*****About tabulation
Tabulation is the first step in presentation of data.
For preparation of frequency distribution
tabulation is the first requirement.
Frequency: How frequently a variable occurs.
In a data if a unit occurs two time then frequency
is 2 .suppose in a class exam.5 students
secured 65 marks to frequency against mark 65
as 5.
Let us take an example-
Suppose no of deaths due to Cancer in 30
districts of Odisha in one year are given below
i.e. 70 ,71, 72, 79, 80, 79, 70, 71, 72, 70, 65, 71,
79, 72, 80, 65, 72, 72, 71, 70, 65, 71, 79, 79, 72,
71, 65, 67, 72, 71.
It is obvious that we can understand very little from
the figures
1) It will be better if we arrange the figures in
ascending order from 65 to 80.
2) It will be simpler if we arrange the figures in tally
mark method.
In this method a vertical bar (/) is put against the
concerned number when it occurs
frequency distribution table***
Grouped frequency distribution
table********
The manner in which the frequencies are
distributed over classes is called as
grouped frequency distributions .
Continuous frequency distribution table
If we deal with a continuous frequency
distribution. Let us consider the distribution
of age in year. If our interval is 15-19, 20-
24 then the person within the age 19-20
will not be taken into consideration so the
class intervals are formed as
05-15 Below 15
15-20 (15 or more but less than 20)
20-25 (20 or more but less than 25)
Rules for tabulation
1. Tables must be numbered.
2. Title must be given to the tables.
3. Heading of columns and rows must be
clear.
4. Data must be presented according to
the size of importance.
5. The classes should be of equal width.
In a survey of 35 families in a village,
the number of children per family was recorded data were obtained.
1 0 2 3 4 5 6
7 2 3 4 0 2 5
8 4 5 9 6 3 2
7 6 5 3 3 7 8
9 7 9 4 5 4 3
Table 1: Discrete Frequency Table
Cumulative Cumulative
No. of Frequency Frequency
Tallies Frequency
children Less than More than
type type
0 2 2 35
1 1 3 33
2 4 7 32
3 6 13 28
4 5 18 22
5 5 23 17
6 3 26 12
7 4 30 9
8 2 32 5
9 3 35 3
Table 2: Continous Frequency Table
No. of No of Cum. Fre. Cum.
children families Less than Fre.
(Frequency) Greater
than
0-2 7 7 35
3-5 16 23 28
6 and 12 35 12
above
Total 35
II. Another
method of presentation of data
Is
Chart and bar diagram
Charts and diagram for presenting
(qualitative data.)
A. Bar diagram it is used to compare the
categories of mutually exclusive
discrete(qualitative) data. The different
categories are indicated in one axis and
frequency of each category will be
indicated on another axis. From the length
of bars the characters are to be compared.
Spacing between various bars should be
equal to half of the width of the bar.
i) Simple bar diagram
Here bars can be arranged vertically or
horizontally. A suitable scale must be used
to present the length of the bars.
ii) Multiple or compound bar diagram
Here two or more bars are grouped
together for comparison.
iii) Sub-divided and proportional bar diagrams
In this case the bars are divided into two or
more parts. Each part represents a certain
item and proportional to the magnitude of
that particular item.
***iv) Pie or sector diagram
It also represents proportions.
Areas of sectors represent different
proportion and degree of angle represents
frequency.
iv) Pictogram
It is a popular method to present the data
to layman through picture.
Charts and diagram for presenting quantitative
data.
i) Histogram
Histogram is a group of rectangle which
represents the categories of continuous and
ordered data. The class intervals (CI) are given
along the horizontal axis and frequency along
vertical axis. If CI are uniform then height of the
rectangles show the frequency.
(When the class intervals are unequal then the
frequency density represents the height of the
corresponding rectangle. Where frequency
density =frequency /width of class.
ii)Frequency Polygon
Frequency polygon can be obtained from
histogram by joining the midpoints of the
heads of rectangles by line segment.
Or
Plot the midpoints of the class interval on
X axis and corresponding frequencies
against Y axis. Then frequency polygon
can be obtained by joining line segments.
iii) Frequency curve
Frequency curve can be obtained from
histogram by joining the midpoints of the
heads of rectangles by smooth curve or
freehand curve.
When no. of observations become very
large and width of class intervals become
very small then frequency polygon looses
its angulations and gives rise to a smooth
curve known as frequency curve.
iv) Cumulative frequency curve (Ogive)
If the cumulative frequencies are plotted
against the midpoints of class intervals
then by joining the points by freehand
curve the cumulative curve can be
obtained.
v) Scatter or dot diagram
The diagram obtained by taking
observation and frequency in a two
dimensional plane by dot is called as
scatter or dot diagram. (go to qualitative)
Simple Bar Diagram
Fig. 3.1: Sex ratio (Females per 000'
Males) in Odisha: 1961 - 2001
1000
980
Sex Ratio
960
940
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Year
23
Multiple Bar Diagram
Fig. 3.2: Sex ratio (Females per 000'
Males) in Odisha by Social Groups
1020
1000
Sex Ratio
980
960
940
920
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Census Year
STs SCs General
24
Sub-divided Bar Diagram
Fig. 3.3: Distribution of population by age
group: Census 2001
60000
50000 0-14 15-59 60+
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Jharkhand Orissa Chhattisgarh Madhya
Pradesh 25
Percentage Bar Diagram
Fig. 3.4: Percentage distribution of population by
age group: Census 2001
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Jharkhand Orissa Chhattisgarh Madhya
Pradesh
0-14 15-59 60+ 26
Fig. 3.5: Percentage Composition of
population by age Group: 2001 Census
JHARKHANDA ORISSA CHATISHGARH
60+ 60+ 60+
0 -14 0 -14 0 -14
15 -59 15 -59 15 -59
27
Histogram of Age of Respondents
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
Frequency
40 Std. Dev = 17.29
20 Mean = 44.5
0 N = 600.00
22.5 32.5 42.5 52.5 62.5 72.5 82.5 92.5
Age of Respondent
Source of Data: 1991 General Social Survey
Frequency Polygon of Age
Distribution
200
150
Frequency
100
50
0
22.5 32.5 42.5 52.5 62.5 72.5 82.5 92.5
Midpoint of the Age Interval
