Fundamentals of Networking: Introduction to Network Structure and Protocol
Dr. Hania Farag
Overview
Basic concepts in communications Understanding Networking. Understanding Transmission Medium (Network Cables) Understanding Network Hardware Understanding Network Protocols
Monday, September 12, 2011
Overview
Basic concepts in communications Understanding Networking. Understanding Transmission Medium (Network Cables) Understanding Network Hardware Understanding Network Protocols
Monday, September 12, 2011
Basic Concepts in Communication
Communications activity associated with distributing or exchanging information Telecommunications technology of communications at a distance that permits information to be created any where and used everywhere with little delay Today it, involves
Data: digital and analog Voice: spoken word Video: telelcommunication imaging
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Essentials for Communications
Message Transmitter / Receiver Medium Message must be understood Some level of security Destination System
Source System
Source Transmitter Transmission Receiver Destination Workstation/PC
Medium
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Workstation/PC
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Overview
Basic concepts in communications Understanding Networking. Understanding Transmission Medium (Network Cables) Understanding Network Hardware WAN and LAN Understanding Network Protocols
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What do you see here for a typical network?
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Key Network Terminology Explained (1)
Networks needs to interconnect at a distance by a form of point to point or point to multiple point connected media Networks that are interconnected have proven to be low cost, reliable, and efficient means of communicating at a distance
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Key Network Terminology Explained (2)
Node: anything connected to the network, usually a computer, but it could be a printer or a scanner Segment: any portion of a network that is separated by a switch, bridge or a router from another part of a network. Backbone: the main cabling of a network that all of the segment connect to. Usually, the backbone is capable of carrying more information than the individual segments. Topology: The way each node is physically connected to the network
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Key Network Terminology Explained (3)
Simplex: information flows in only one direction Half-duplex: information flows in two directions, but only in one direction at a time. Full-duplex: information flows in two directions at the same time
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Basic Signal Terminologies
Bit: binary digit, either 0 or 1 Baud : one electronic state change per second Bit rate :a method for measuring data transmission speed bits per second Mbps : millions of bits per second (data speed; measure of bandwidth = total information flow over a given time) on a telecommunication medium 8 bits = 1 byte Teraflops : trillion operations per second
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TYPES OF NETWORKS
LAN LOCAL AREA NETWORK IS A SMALL GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SUCH AS OUR SCHOOL BOARD. MAN METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK IS A NETWORK OVER A LARGER GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SUCH AS THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. WAN WIDE AREA NETWORK IS A NETWORK USED OVER AN EXTREMELY LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SUCH AS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
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Topologies
Physical layout of network devices Four types: mesh, bus, ring, and star
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Mesh Topology
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Mesh Topology
It is also called a point-to-point topology. Each device is connected directly to all other network devices. It provides fault tolerance. It is only found in wide area networks.
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Bus Topology
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Bus Topology
It is a multipoint topology. Each device shares the connection. The bus has one starting and one ending point. Packets stop at each device on the network. Only one device at a time can send.
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Ring Topology
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Ring Topology
It is a circle with no ends. Packets are sent from one device to the next. It does not slow down as more devices are added.
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Star Topology
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Star Topology
All devices are connected to a central device (hub). The hub receives and forwards packets. It is the easiest topology to troubleshoot and manage.
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Hybrid Topologies
They are variations of two or more topologies. Star bus used to connect multiple hubs in a star topology with a bus. Star ring wired like star, but functions like a ring.
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Star Bus Topology
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Design Considerations
The best topology involves matching with the environment it is to be used in. The physical arrangement of computers do not dictate the necessary topology.
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Overview
Basic concepts in communications Understanding Networking. Understanding Transmission Medium (Network Cables) Understanding Network Hardware WAN and LAN Understanding Network Protocols
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Basic transmission medium concepts
Medium is the physical path between transmitter and receiver in a data transmission system Guided Medium: waves are guided along a solid medium path (twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber). Unguided medium: waves are propagated through the atmosphere and inner/outerspace (satellite, laser, and wireless transmissions).
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Medium examples by type
Conductive: twisted pairs and coaxial cables Electromagnetic: microwave Light: lasers and optical fibers (need clear line of sight) Wireless inner/outerspace; satellite (omnidirectional security issues)
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Coaxial cable (1)
Widely installed for use in business and corporation ethernet and other types of LANs. Consists of inter copper insulator covered by cladding material, and then covered by an outer jacket
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Coaxial cable (2)
Applications: TV distribution (cable tv); long distance telephone transmission; short run computer system links Local area networks
Transmission characteristics:
Can transmit analog and digital signals Usable spectrum for analog signaling is about 400 Mhz
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Twisted Pair Cable
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Twisted Pair Cables
Physical description: Each wire with copper conductor Separately insulated wires twisted together to reduce cross talk If enclosed in a sheath then is shielded twisted pair (STP) otherwise often for home usage unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Must be shield from voltage lines Application: Common in building for digital signaling used at speed of 10s Mb/s (CAT3) and 100Mb/s (CAT5) over 100s meters. Common for telephone interconnection at home and office buildings Less expensive medium; limited in distance, bandwidth, and data rate.
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Categories of Twisted Pairs Cabling System
Category CAT 1 Maximum data rate Less than 1 Mbps Usual application analog voice (plain old telephone service) Integrated Services Digital Network Basic Rate Interface in ISDN Doorbell wiring Mainly used in the IBM Cabling System for token ring networks
CAT 2
4 Mbps
CAT 3
CAT 4
16 Mbps
20 Mbps
Voice and data on 10BASE-T Ethernet (certify 16Mhz signal)
Used in 16Mbps Token Ring Otherwise not used much
CAT 5
100 Mbps
100 Mbps TPDDI 155 Mbps asynchronous transfer mode (certify 100 Mhz signal) Monday, September 12, 2011
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Optical fiber
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Optical Fibers
Physical Description:
Glass or plastic core of optical fiber = 2to125 m Laser or light emitting diode provides transmission light source
Applications:
Long distance telecommunication Greater capacity; 2 Gb/s over 10s of Km Smaller size and lighter weight Lower attenuation (reduction in strength of signal) Electromagnetic isolation not effected by external electromagnetic environment.
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Wireless Transmission
Frequency range (line of sight):
26 GHz to 40 GHz: for microwave with highly directional beam as possible 30 MHz to 1 GHz: for omnidirectional applications 300MHz to 20000 GHz: for infrared spectrum; used for point to point and multiple point application (line of sight)
Physical applications:
Terrestrial microwave long haul telecommunication service (alternative to coaxial or optical fiber) Propagation via towers located without blockage from trees, etc (towers less than 60 miles apart)
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Overview
Basic concepts in communications Understanding Networking. Understanding Transmission Medium (Network Cables) Understanding Network Hardware WAN and LAN Understanding Network Protocols
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Hubs
A hub is the place where data converges from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more directions. Seen in local area networks
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Gateways
A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network.
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Routers
A router is a device or a software in a computer that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. Allow different networks to communicate with each other A router creates and maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions and uses this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route for a given packet. A packet will travel through a number of network points with routers before arriving at its destination.
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Bridge
a bridge is a product that connects a local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or token ring). A bridge examines each message on a LAN, "passing" those known to be within the same LAN, and forwarding those known to be on the other interconnected LAN (or LANs).
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What is the difference between?
Bridge: device to interconnect two LANs that use the SAME logical link control protocol but may use different medium access control protocols. Router: device to interconnect SIMILAR networks, e.g. similar protocols and workstations and servers Gateway: device to interconnect DISSIMILAR protocols and servers, and Macintosh and IBM LANs and equipment
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Switches
Allow different nodes of a network to communicate directly with each other. Allow several users to send information over a network at the same time without slowing each other down.
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Circuit Switching Technologies
Circuit switching is a dedicated communications path established between two stations or multiple end points through nodes of the WAN Transmission path is a connected sequence of physical link between nodes. On each link, a logical channel is dedicated to the connection. Data generated by the source station are transmitted along dedicated path as rapidly as possible. At each node, incoming data are routed or switched to the appropriate outgoing channel without excessive delay. However, if data processing is required, some delay is experienced. Example of circuit switching above is the telephone networks.
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Packet Switching Technologies
Data are sent out in a sequence of small chucks, called packets. Each packet, consisting of several bits is passed through the network from node to node along some path leading from the source to the destination At each node along the path, the entire packet is received, stored briefly, and then transmitted to the next node. At destination all individual packets are assembled together to form the complete text and message from the source. Each packet is identified as to its place in the overall text for reassembly. If packet errors occur, the packet is retransmitted.
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Frame Relay Techniques
Each packet included additional bits and each node performed additional processing to insure reliable transmission. Frame relay has removed the overhead bits and additional processing. It has become unnecessary to invoke these overhead checks and thereby enables higher capacity transmission rates. Frame relay takes advantage of these high rates and low error rates. Frame relay networks are designed to operate efficiently at user data rates of 2 Mb/s and higher. (packet switching originally designed with a 64 Kb/s data rate to the end user). Frame relay achieves these higher rates by stripping out most of the overhead involved with error control.
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Evolution from frame relay and circuit switching. Major differences: Frame relay uses variable length packets called frames. ATM uses fixed length packets called cells. ATM provides little overhead for error control like frame relay, and depends on inherent reliability of the transmission system and on higher layers of logic in the end systems to identify and correct errors. ATM is designed to operate in range of 10s to 100 Mb/s compared to frame relay (2 Mb/s)
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ISDN and
Integrated services digital network (ISDN) was intended to be a world wide public telecommunication network to replace existing public telecommunication networks and deliver a wide variety of services. ISDN has standardized user interfaces, implemented a set of digital switches and paths supporting a broad range of traffic types and providing a value added processing service ISDN is multiple networks, but integrated to provide user with single, uniform accessibility and world wide interconnection.
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Broadband ISDN Technology
First generation ISDN was narrowband, 64 Kb/s channel of switching and circuit switching orientations. Frame relay resulted from the ISDN narrowband efforts. Second generation is broadband ISDN. It supports high data rates of 100 Mb/s and has a packet switching orientation. ATM resulted from the broadband ISDN efforts.
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What is ethernet?
A group of standards for defining a local area network that includes standards in cabling and the structure of the data sent over those cables as well as the hardware that connects those cables. Independent of the network architecture
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Network Interface Card (NIC)
Every computer and most devices (e.g. a network printer) is connected to network through an NIC. In most desktop computers, this is an Ethernet card (10 or 100 Mbps) that is plugged into a slot on the computer motherboard.
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How does Ethernet work?
Using MAC addresses to distinguish between machines
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What is a MAC Address?
Media Access Control (MAC) Address are the physical address of any device. The MAC address has two parts of 3 bytes long. The first 3 bytes specify the company that made the NIC (Network Interface Card) and the second 3 bytes are the serial number of the NIC.
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Overview
Basic concepts in communications Understanding Networking. Understanding Transmission Medium (Network Cables) Understanding Network Hardware Understanding Network Protocols
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Protocols of Computer Communications and Networks computers in different Protocol are used for communication between
computer networks. Protocol achieves:
What is communicated between computers? How it is communicated? When it is communicated? What conformance (bit sequence) between computers?
Key elements of a protocol are:
SYNTAC: Data format and signal levels SEMANTICS: Control information for coordination and error handling TIMING: Synchronization, speed matching, and sequencing
Examples of protocols:
WAN Protocol: TCP/IP LAN Protocol: Media Access Control; Contention; Token Passing
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ISO/OSI Reference Model (1)
Open Systems Interconnection No one really uses this in the real world. A reference model so others can develop detailed interfaces. The reference model defines 7 layers of functions that take place at each end of communication and with each layer adding its own set of special related functions.
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ISO/OSI Reference Model (2)
File Transfer, Email, Remote Login ASCII Text, Sound (syntax layer) Establish/manage connection End-to-end control & error checking (ensure complete data transfer): TCP Routing and Forwarding Address: IP Two party communication: Ethernet How to transmit signal; coding Hardware means of sending and Monday, September 12, 2011 receiving data on a carrier
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What is TCP/IP?
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level Internet Protocol (IP) uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address level
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TCP (example)
Web Server: serves HTML pages TCP layer in the server divides the file into one or more packets, numbers the packet, then forward packets individually to IP. Note: each packet has the same destination IP address, it may get routed differently through the network. TCP (on the client) reassembles the individual packets and waits until they have arrived to forward them as a single file. Connection-oriented protocol
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IP
Connectionless protocol (I.e. no established connection between the end points that are communicating.) Responsible for delivery the independently treated packet !!!! TCP responsible for reassembly.
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Overview
Basic concepts in communications Understanding Networking. Understanding Transmission Medium (Network Cables) Understanding Network Hardware Understanding Network Protocols
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THANKS !
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