Database Systems
Course Outline
• Why study Database?
• Who Needs to Study Database?
• Overview of Database
• DBMS Architecture & Database Models
• Three Schema Architecture
• Entity Relationship Modeling
• Enhanced Entity Relationship Modeling
• Cardinality Constraints
• Normalization
Lecture Outline
• Basic Terminologies and Concepts
• Manual File Management Systems Approach
• File Processing Systems Approach
• Database Management System Approach
• Database and its types
• Components of Database Environment
• Database Evolution
• Data Models
Database Overview
Basic Terminologies
• Data: Data is a collection of any thing it can be collection of names of
students of class, contacts of person in contact book, DVDs collection
names etc. Data is basically a facts and figures.
• Why we need data ?? Data is as important as any other asset is
valuable. Data is important in lawful decision making.
Example of data in Table is below.
Basic Terminologies
• Information: Processed data yields us information. Or we can say that
information is a useful data which we extracted after applying any operation
or query on data.
• Processing is done under some condition
• Consider a data in table below
Name Class Age
Ali 10th 21
Ahmed 11th 22
Owais 12th 23
Tariq 14th 22
Information is that Ahmed and Tariq are 22 years old.
Basic Terminologies
• Data vs Information : Data is collection of any thing which after processing gives
us useful data which is called Information, we use information to make decisions.
• Metadata : Metadata is simply a data about data. Metadata contains information
about format of data means what type of data can be stored into the table and what
will be source of data.
Name Type Length Source
CourseName Alphanumeric 30 Academic
StudentID Integer 10 Student IS
Semester Integer 7 Student IS
Class Alphanumeric 15 Student IS
CGPA Alphanumeric 12 Result Section
In above table we can see the table structure which is described by Names of fields,
Types of fields and length then source is described.
Basic Terminologies
Database : Database is a collection of logically related data which can be shared
by multiple users.
Example: Student Information Database
Manual File Management Systems
Ledgers and record registers are example of Manual file management
systems. Storing record in MFMS causes lot of inconvenience.
Disadvantages:
• Data Dependence
• Data Redundancy
• Limited Data Sharing
• Chance of loss
File Processing Systems
• File processing systems are just a replacement of Manual File
Management system. It has same problems as Manual File
Management System has.
Disadvantages:
• Data Dependence
• Limited Sharing
• Data Duplication
• Excessive Program Maintenance
• Concurrency Issues
• Atomicity Issues
Database Management System
• Database Management system is a solution to problems which were
arising in previously described two systems. Database Management
system uses Database approach to overcome problems such as data
sharing, Data redundancy etc.
Advantages of DBMS
• Data Independence
• Data Sharing Made easy
• Limited Data Redundancy
• Improved Data consistency
Examples of DBMS are MS ACCESS, SQL SERVER, ORACLE etc
Database Management system is a software which manages the Database
and enables us to perform operations on the data.
Database
• Database is a collection of organized and logically related data which
can be shared by multiple users.
• Main Types of Database
• 1.) Centralized Database
• 2.) Distributed Database
• Centralized Database: It is a type of database which is located on a
single location and different users from different places access this
database from a single location.
• There are again two types of Centralized Database
• 1.) Personal Computer Database
• 2.) Centralized MULTI-USER Database
Database
• Personal Computer Database: It is a type of database which is
installed on only one computer for example a shopkeeper inventory
system on shop uses a personal computer database.
• It is a low scope database , because it is dedicated to only one system.
• Central Computer Database: Central computer database is a type in
which there is a central computer (server) on which database is
installed and other systems which are called (client/dumb terminals)
are connected with this Central computer by any network.
Database
Central Computer Database Diagram
Central Computer:
a.) All processing is done by CC.
b.) All load on CC.
c.) CC should be a power ful machine.
Terminals:
a.) Provide only interface.
b.) Not so much powerful systems.
c.) Don’t have load.
Database
• Distributed Database: It is a type of a database which is located on the
more then one locations. Different users from different locations
access database with the help of Network.
Database
• Advantages of Distributed Database:
• a.) Provides Load Balancing
• b.) Low chances of Data Loss.
• c.) Easy Data Sharing
• d.) Data consistency
Components of Database Environment
• Components of database environment describes those components which are
involved with database could me DB Administrators, System Developers or
End users. They are mostly nine in number. Detail of them are given below.
Main Components
• Data and Database System Administrators
• System Developers
• End Users
• CASE Tools
• User Interface
• Application Programs
• Repository
• DBMS
• Database
Components of Database Environment
Components of Database Environment
• Computer Aided Software Engineering Tools (CASE TOOLS) : Automated tools to design database
and application programs. CASE tools are used for system Requirement analysis and design.
• Repository: Repository contains a broad set of metadata which is important for managing database.
• DBMS: A software which is used to manage the database, this management includes the creation of
database upto whole maintenance of DB. DBMS provides the controlled access to the Database.
• Database: A collection of organized and logically related data which can be shared by multiple users is
known as a database.
• Application Programs: Application Programs are those programs which uses database and manipulate
the database according to there purpose. For instance we develop a Library Management system
application in .Net and for record storing purpose we use Access DB. Hence Library Management
system is a Application Program.
• Database Administrators: DB Administrator is a one who manages a Database.
• System Developers: System Developers are those who develop Application Programs they use case
tools to dug out requirements and design of a application.
• End Users: Suppose a Database is used into an school organization then end users are those persons
who get facilities from the database and to whom services are been provided.
Data Models
• Data model is first step in Database design process which describe the
logical structure of database. It tells us how data is connected to each
other and how is stored, Processed. It describes what type of relations
will be between data.
• ER Data Model
• Object oriented Data Model
• Network Data Model
• Hierarchical Data Model
