Investigating the link between impulsivity and obesity through urban scaling laws
Fig 3
Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) established from the study city- and individual-level data.
(A) DAG among six urban features for 915 cities, measured by Fisher’s z score: prevalence of adult obesity (OB), ADHD in children (ADHD), adult physical inactivity (PI), mental health providers (MHP), food insecurity in children (FI), and college education (CE). (B) DAG among the six individual features for 19,333 children, measured by Spearman-ranked correlation: body mass index (BMI), number of days per week the child does physical activities for over 60 minutes (PA), severity of current ADHD conditions (SEV), use of mental health care services (UMH), food insufficiency (FINS), and adult education (EDU). Red (blue) arrows indicate positive (negative) association.