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Improved gas sensing capabilities of ZnO:Er nanoparticles synthesized via co-precipitation method

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Abstract

In this study, the co-precipitation method was employed to synthesize ZnO samples with varying Er concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, & 3 wt.%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO with increased crystallite size of 60 nm for ZnO:Er 1 wt.%. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy validated the structural coordination and identified various organic functional groups within the framework of ZnO of all the prepared samples. The morphology of the prepared ZnO:Er samples, as observed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), revealed nanorod platelet-shaped grains with clear grain boundaries. The optical properties indicated a lower band gap of 3.25 eV for ZnO:Er1% sample. The analysis of light emission through photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy showed distinct peaks in the range of about 325–475 nm and at 615 nm. The ZnO sample containing 1% Er exhibited a more intense orange emission peak, which indicates a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies in the material. The response of the ZnO:Er1% sensor increased with higher ammonia concentrations, ranging from 50 to 250 ppm, and exhibited excellent stability over 50 days, indicating a strong interaction with the sensor. Among the fabricated ammonia gas sensors, ZnO:Er1% showed the maximum gas response of 403 at 250 ppm of NH3, with superior response and recovery times of 7.7 s and 8.0 s, respectively, at ambient temperature. This demonstrates the high potential of ZnO:Er1% for commercial gas sensing applications.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

  • Development of ZnO:Er NPs were synthesized for harmful NH3 gas sensing and reported

  • The optical properties indicated a lower band gap of 3.25 eV for ZnO:Er1% sample.

  • ZnO:Er1% exhibited a more intense orange emission peak, which indicates a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies in the material.

  • Amongst the fabricated ammonia gas sensors, the ZnO:Er1% sample exhibited the largest gas response of 403% and demonstrated superior response and recovery times of 7.7 and 8.0 s, respectively, at ambient temperature.

  • These outcomes indicate that the ZnO:Er1% NPs are good for commercial gas sensing applications.

  • The ZnO:Er1% NPs sample demonstrated good linearity, selectivity, stability and repeatability, which offers an efficient gas sensor.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R1), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The authors from KKU extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding through Large Research Project under grant number RGP.2/561/45.

Funding

The funding of this research was done by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University under grant number PNURSP2024R1. This research also funded by King Khalid University under project number RGP2/561/45.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamilnadu, India

    R. Balaji

  2. Department of Chemistry, Manakula Vinayakar Institute of Technology, Kalitheerthalkuppam, Puducherry, 605107, Tamilnadu, India

    R. Balaji

  3. Department of Chemistry, Sree Sevugan Annamalai College (Affiliated to Alagappa University), Devakkottai, 630303, Tamilnadu, India

    R. Balaji & Pandurangan Mohan

  4. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Kalitheerthalkuppam, Puducherry, 605107, India

    S. Vinoth

  5. Department of Physics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Chandigarh, 160030, India

    Ashwani Kumar

  6. University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India

    Ashwani Kumar

  7. Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia

    Thamraa Alshahrani

  8. Department of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia

    Mohd. Shkir

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R. Balaji, Pandurangan Mohan:- wrote the main manuscript S. Vinoth, Ashwani Kumar:- Review and re-write some parts and also helps in managing figures and tables. Thamraa Alshahrani, Mohd. Shkir:- validate the manuscript with thorough study and also help in experimental work.

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Balaji, R., Mohan, P., Vinoth, S. et al. Improved gas sensing capabilities of ZnO:Er nanoparticles synthesized via co-precipitation method. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 113, 790–803 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06623-2

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