Lecture 42: Simple Harmonic Motion
Position: Velocity: x(t) = A cos(t + ) v(t) = - A sin(t + ) wire I
35 30 Frequency 25 20 15 10 5 0
35
Quiz
Histogram
Acceleration: a(t) = - 2A cos(t + ) xMAX = A vMAX = A aMAX = 2A
Frequency
50
65
20
cos sin
Average 64 Bin
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80
95
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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Recap of Simple Harmonic Motion
Motion is described by the differential equation
ICQ: SHM
On earth one clock is made with a spring-mass system and another with a simple pendulum. Both keep good time. They are taken to the moon where; a) Only the pendulum clock keeps good time b) Only the mass-spring system clock keeps good time c) Both keep good time d) Neither keeps good time
d2x = 2 x dt 2
The general solution is an oscillation with x = A cos(t + ) where A = amplitude (maximum value) = angular frequency (oscillation frequency) T = period = 2 = phase k The value of for a spring-mass system is = m The value of for an arbitrary physical pendulum is = For a simple pendulum this becomes =
MgR I
g L
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ICQ: SHM
On earth one clock is made with a spring-mass system and another with a simple pendulum. Both keep good time. They are taken to the moon where; a) Only the pendulum clock keeps good time b) Only the spring-mass system clock keeps good time c) Both keep good time d) Neither keep good time Frequency of the spring-mass system = Frequency of the pendulum =
g L
Velocity and Acceleration
Position: Velocity: x(t) = A cos(t + ) v(t) = - A sin(t + ) by taking derivatives, since:
Acceleration: a(t) = - 2A cos(t + )
Neither m nor k are different on the moon
k m
xMAX = A vMAX = A aMAX = 2A
v( t ) =
a( t ) =
dx( t ) dt
dv( t ) dt
m x
Depends on g, will be different on the moon Only the spring-mass system will keep time on the moon
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Note: a = -2x Direction of acceleration is opposite to the displacement
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ICQ: Simple Harmonic Motion Simple Harmonic Motion
A mass oscillates up & down on a spring. Its position as a function of time is shown below. At which of the points shown does the mass have positive velocity and negative acceleration? A mass oscillates up & down on a spring. Its position as a function of time is shown below. At which of the points shown does the mass have positive velocity and negative acceleration?
y(t) (a) (c) t (b)
y(t) (a) (c) t (b)
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Physics 1301: Lecture 42, Pg 8
ICQ: Simple Harmonic Motion: Solution
The slope of y(t) tells us the sign of the velocity since v = y(t) and a(t) have the opposite sign since a(t) = - 2 y(t) a<0 v<0 y(t) (a) (c) t (b) a>0 v>0 The answer is (c).
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SHM Example
A mass m = 2 kg on a spring oscillates with amplitude A = 10 cm. At t = 0 its speed is maximum, and is +2 m/s. What is the angular frequency of oscillation ? What is the spring constant k? vMAX = A =
k m
dy dt
a<0 v>0
Need v>0, a<0 Also: =
vMAX 2 m s = = 20 s1 A 10 cm
k = m2
So k = (2 kg) x (20 s k
-1) 2
= 800 kg/s2 = 800 N/m m x
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Initial Conditions
Use initial conditions to determine phase For example, we are told x(0) = 0 , and x is initially increasing (i.e. v(0) = positive): x(0) = 0 = A cos() v(0) = - A sin()> 0 So = -/2 k m x
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Initial Conditions...
So we find = -/2 x(t) = A cos(t - /2 ) v(t) = -A sin(t - /2 ) a(t) = -2A cos(t - /2 ) x(t) = A sin(t) v(t) = A cos(t) a(t) = - 2A sin(t)
= /2 or -/2 <0
x(t) = A cos(t + ) v(t) = - A sin(t + ) a(t) = - 2A cos(t + )
A 2 k m x -A
x(t) 2 t
cos sin
0
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ICQ: Initial Conditions
A mass hanging from a vertical spring is lifted a distance d above equilibrium and released at t = 0. Which of the following describes its velocity and acceleration as a function of time? (a) v(t) = - vmax sin(t) , a(t) = - amax cos(t) (b) v(t) = vmax sin(t) , a(t) = amax cos(t)
ICQ: Initial Conditions
A mass hanging from a vertical spring is lifted a distance d above equilibrium and released at t = 0. Which of the following describes its velocity and acceleration as a function of time? (a) v(t) = - vmax sin(t) , a(t) = - amax cos(t) (b) v(t) = vmax sin(t) , a(t) = amax cos(t)
k t=0 m
y d 0
k t=0 m
y d 0
(c) v(t) = vmax cos(t) , a(t) = - amax cos(t)
(c) v(t) = vmax cos(t) , a(t) = - amax cos(t)
(both vmax and amax are positive numbers)
(both vmax and amax are positive numbers)
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ICQ: Initial Conditions: Solution
Since we start with the maximum possible displacement at t = 0 we know that:
Recap Physical Pendulum
Given an arbitrarily shaped solid of mass M hung on a fixed axis, the location of the CM, and the moment of inertia I about the axis The torque about the rotation (z) axis for small is (sin ) d 2 = -Mgd -MgR MgR = I dt 2
z-axis R xCM d Mg
y = d cos(t)
dy v= = d sin ( t ) v max sin ( t ) dt
k t=0 m y d 0
a=
dv = 2 d cos ( t ) a max cos ( t ) dt
d 2 = 2 where dt 2
= 0 cos(t + )
MgR = I
g 3g for a rod = L 2L
Therefore the answer is (a)
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For a simple pendulum =
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ICQ: Physical Pendulum
A pendulum is made by hanging a thin hoola-hoop of diameter D on a small nail. What is the angular frequency of oscillation of the hoop for small displacements? MgR ICM = mR2 for a hoop =
ICQ: Physical Pendulum
A pendulum is made by hanging a thin hoola-hoop of diameter D on a small nail. What is the angular frequency of oscillation of the hoop for small displacements? MgR ICM = mR2 for a hoop =
(a) (b) (c)
=
=
g D
2g D
pivot (nail) (a) (b) (c)
=
=
g D
2g D g 2D
pivot (nail)
g 2D
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ICQ: Physical Pendulum Solution
The angular frequency of oscillation of the hoop for small displacements will be given by =
mgR I
Torsion Pendulum
Consider an object suspended by a wire attached at its CM. The wire defines the rotation axis, and the moment of inertia I about this axis is known. The wire acts like a rotational spring. When the object is rotated, the wire is twisted. This produces a torque that opposes the rotation. In analogy with a spring, the torque produced is proportional to the displacement: = - k wire I
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Physics 1301: Lecture 42, Pg 20
Use parallel axis theorem: I = Icm + mR2 = mR2 + mR2 = 2mR2 pivot (nail)
mgR = 2mR 2
g = 2R
g D
So =
g D
Answer 1
cm x R
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Torsion Pendulum...
wire
Since
Torsion Pendulum
Used by Henry Cavendish ~ 1790 to measure G. Recently Gundlach and Merkowitz at University of Washington used a torsion pendulum to determine a new value of I G = 6.674215 0.000092 x 10-11 m3/kg s2.
= - k, = I
becomes
d 2 k = I dt 2
d = 2 where = dt 2
2
k I
This is similar to the mass on spring except
I has taken the place of m .
John Walker www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/foobar/
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Oscillations around equilibrium
Remember an object at the base of a quadratic potential is in stable equilibrium A small displacement from the equilibrium position will result in a force tending to return it to its equilibrium position. dU F = dx If the potential is quadratic; U= kx2 U
SHM and real potentials
SHM will occur near potential minimums. For example, the potential between H atoms in an H2 molecule looks something like this: Near the bottom of the potential it looks like a quadratic potential H atoms will oscillate around this point
F = ma = m d2x k = x dt 2 m
d x = kx dt 2
dU = kx dx
-A 0 A x
It will oscillate in a Simple Harmonic Motion
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Many other real potentials are like quadratic potentials near the minimum and oscillate like SHM
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Energy in SHM
Both an object on a spring and a pendulum have a quadratic potential and will execute SHM Both are under the influence of conservative forces, gravity and the spring force In the absence of dissipation, we can use conservation of energy: We expect the total energy (K + U) of a system undergoing SHM will always be constant. -A 0 U E K U A s
Energy in SHM
Remember that for a system with restoring force kx the potential energy U= kx2 This will oscillate with SHM and x=Acos(t+) U= kA2cos2(t+) Kinetic energy = mv2 v=-Asin(t+) KE= mA22sin2(t+) = kA2sin2(t+) 2=k/m -A 0 E U K U A s
Total Energy=KE+PE = kA2(sin2(t+)+cos2(t+)) = kA2 Total energy in SHM is constant and proportional to the amplitude squared
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Homework
Read Chapter 13, Sections 7 and 8 Homework. Chapter 13 Problems 12, 23, 35, 45, 54, 63 Revise the whole course. Next week I will do two revision lectures.
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