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Introductory Physics
(23SCIB02P)
By
Physics Staff, Faculty of Engineering
Lecture #3

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Objectives
1 Discuss the oscillatory motion in the case of the simple
pendulum.

Total Mechanical Energy and Elastic Potential Energy.

2

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Motion of the simple pendulum

The forces acting on the bob are:
• The gravitational force or the weight mg.
• The tension force T exerted by the string

L
 
T
x m P
mg sin   mg cos 
O
Resolve the weight into 
the tangential component: mg sin  mg
the radial component: mg cos 

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Motion of the simple pendulum

The restoring force, Fs contributed by
the tangential component of the weight
pulls the bob back to equilibrium position.
Thus
𝐹𝑠 = −𝑚𝑔 sin𝜃

The negative sign shows that the restoring

force, Fs is always against the direction of
increasing x.

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Motion of the simple pendulum

𝐹𝑠 = −𝑚𝑔 sin𝜃
For small angle, ;
sin    in radian
arc length, x of the bob becomes straight line
(shown in the figure) then
𝑥
tan 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 =
𝐿
x
thus Fs = −mg  
L
mgx
By applying Newton’s second law of motion,  F = ma = F s
ma = −
L
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Motion of the simple pendulum

mgx
ma = −
L
g
a = −  x
L

Thus a  −x Simple pendulum executes SHM

g a = − 2 x
By comparing a = −  x with
L

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Motion of the simple pendulum

g
𝑎=− 𝑥
𝐿

Or Acceleration = − constant x Displacement

= − ω2 · Displacement
g
By comparison =
L
Using the previous meaning of this constant ω=2Πf = 2 Π/T , Then

2 L
T= = 2
 g

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Conditions of SHM in the simple pendulum

The conditions for the simple pendulum executes SHM are:

❑the angle,  has to be small (less than 10).
❑the string has to be inelastic and light.
❑only the gravitational force and tension in the string acting
on the simple pendulum.

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Example 1. What must be the length of a simple pendulum for a clock which has
a period of two seconds (tick-tock)?

L
T = 2
g

2 L T 2g 2 2
(2 s) (9.8 m/s )
T = 4
2
; L= L=
g 4 2
4 2

L = 0.993 m

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Restricted Pendulum
Example 2. A pendulum of length 45.3 cm is hanging from the ceiling and is restricted in its
motion by a peg that is sticking out of the wall 26.6 cm directly below its pivot point. What is
its period of oscillation?
Answer: Solve separately for each side

L ( = 45.3 cm − 26.6 cm = 18.7 cm)

T = 2
2

g 1 2  
T = (T1 + T2 ) = 
1
+ 2

2 2  g g 

=
g
( 1 + 2 )

=
9.81 m/s 2
( 0.453 m + 0.187 m )
= 1.11 s

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QuickCheck 1
A ball on a massless, rigid rod oscillates as a
simple pendulum with a period of 2.0 s. If the
ball is replaced with another ball having twice
the mass, the period will be

A. 1.0 s.
B. 1.4 s.
C. 2.0 s.
D. 2.8 s.
E. 4.0 s.

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QuickCheck 1
A ball on a massless, rigid rod oscillates as a
simple pendulum with a period of 2.0 s. If the
ball is replaced with another ball having twice
the mass, the period will be

A. 1.0 s.
B. 1.4 s.
C. 2.0 s.
D. 2.8 s.
E. 4.0 s.

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QuickCheck 2
On Planet X, a ball on a massless, rigid rod
oscillates as a simple pendulum with a period of
2.0 s. If the pendulum is taken to the moon of
Planet X, where the free-fall acceleration g is half
as big, the period will be

A. 1.0 s.
B. 1.4 s.
C. 2.0 s.
D. 2.8 s.
E. 4.0 s.
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QuickCheck 2
On Planet X, a ball on a massless, rigid rod
oscillates as a simple pendulum with a period of
2.0 s. If the pendulum is taken to the moon of
Planet X, where the free-fall acceleration g is half
as big, the period will be

A. 1.0 s.
B. 1.4 s.
C. 2.0 s.
D. 2.8 s.
E. 4.0 s.
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Simple pendulum

T = 2
L T L
g
1
T
g

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Quiz#3: If the periodic time of a pendulum on the earth is 9 sec

what will be on the moon's surface (gmoon=gearth/6)

1
T
g
2 2
T g2 9 g earth / 6 81 1
= ............ 2 =
1
2
.......... 2 =
T g1
2 T2 g earth T2 6
T2 = 22 sec

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Quiz#4: If the periodic time of a pendulum is 10 sec, what will

be after expanding the length to four times?

T L
2 2
T L1 10 L 100 1
= ............ 2 =
1
2
.......... 2 =
T L2
2 T2 4L T2 4
T2 = 20 sec

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Experiment: Simple pendulum L

T = 4
2 2

g
L
T = 2 𝑇 2 (𝑠 2 )
𝑦2
g
L (cm) 𝑇10 𝑇 𝑇2 𝑦1
20
40 𝑥1 𝑥2
𝐿(𝑐𝑚)
60
80 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 4𝜋 2
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
100 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑔
120 4𝜋 2
𝑔=
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
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Total Mechanical Energy in case of SHM

The total mechanical energy (E) =Potential energy (U) + Kinetic energy (K)

Potential energy = Energy associated with position.

This position is always inside a field that has its specific field force.

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Total Mechanical Energy in case of SHM

Potential Energy

Electric Magnetic Elastic

Gravitational (Magnetic
(Gravitational force) (Electric (Elastic restoring
field/Electric force) field/Magnetic force) force)

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Total Mechanical Energy of SHM

In case of vibrating system (simple pendulum or mass attached to spring)

the type of potential energy (P.E) is elastic potential energy.
1 2
𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥
2
Where k is the force constant in general or the spring constant in case of
mass attached to spring system.
The kinetic energy (K.E) of the vibrating mass (m) moving with velocity
(v)in given by.
1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
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Total Mechanical Energy in case of SHM

The total mechanical energy (E) =Potential energy (P.E) + Kinetic energy (K.E)

1 2 1
𝐸 = 𝑃. 𝐸 + 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2
The total mechanical energy of a vibrating system is constant; i.e., it is
the same at any point in the oscillating path (conservation of energy
and neglecting the friction or resistive forces).

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Total Mechanical Energy in case of SHM

In general:

1 2
𝐸 = 𝑃. 𝐸 + 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑘𝐴
2
1 2
𝐸 = 𝑃. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 0 = 𝑘𝐴
2
1 2
𝐸 = 0 + 𝐾. 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘𝐴
2

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Total Mechanical Energy in case of SHM

Why the total mechanical energy of a vibrating system is

constant and always (at any point) equal (½)kA2?

1 2 1
𝐸 = 𝑃. 𝐸 + 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2

For any two points A and B, we may write:

E= ½mvA2 + ½kxA 2 = ½mvB2 + ½kxB2

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Total Mechanical Energy in case of SHM

𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑘𝐴2
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑘𝐴2 − 𝑘𝑥 2
k
1
2 mv + kx = kA
2 1
2
2 1
2
2
v=
m
A2 − x 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑘(𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑘
𝑣2 = (𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )
k 𝑚

v = vmax when x = 0: v= A 𝑘
m 𝑣= (𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑚

vmax = A
k
=
m
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Circular motion
Translational motion: Object covers distance x in time t → Velocity v

Circular motion: Object covers angle θ in time t → Angular velocity ω

Y=A sin(wt)
𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔t)

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Circular motion
The circular motion of an object has horizontal projection (x) and vertical projection (y).

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔t)
𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔t) 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔t)

sin(wt)
x = Horizontal displacement.

Y=A
y = vertical displacement. 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔t)
A = Amplitude (r = A = xmax = ymax).
θ = Reference angle.

The circular motion of an object is equivalent to the combination of two SHMs perpendicular to
each other (x & y).

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Example 2: A 2-kg mass hangs at the end of a spring whose constant is k = 800 N/m. The
mass is displaced a distance of 10 cm and released. What is the velocity at the instant
the displacement is x = +6 cm?
½mv2 + ½kx 2 = ½kA2
k
v= A2 − x 2
m
+x
v=
800 N/m
(0.1 m) 2 − (0.06 m) 2
m
2 kg

v = ±1.60 m/s

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Example 2 (Cont.): What is the maximum velocity for the previous problem?
(A = 10 cm, k = 800 N/m, m = 2 kg)

The velocity is maximum when x = 0:

0
½mv2 + ½kx 2 = ½kA2

+x
k 800 N/m
v= A= (0.1 m) m
m 2 kg

v = ± 2.00 m/s

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RULES OF THE PHYSICS LAB!

✓ COME ON TIME: late arrival will not be allowed for more than 10 mins

✓ PRINT YOUR LAB MANUAL: entrance to the lab without the manual is not allowed

✓ SUBMIT THE LAB ASSIGNMENT ON TIME: the lab grade = lab assignment + lab manual

✓ RULER, PENCIL, CALCULATOR, ERASER..: simple tools are mandatory to complete your

experimental work perfectly

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