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Introductory Physics
(23SCIB02P)
By
Physics Staff, Faculty of Engineering

Lecture 1
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Module leaders
Group A & B Group C

Prof. Elsayed Salama Dr. Hassanein Shaban

E-mail: E-mail:
[email protected] [email protected]

Room: A 210 Room: A 207

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Contents
Welcome!
Course Outlines
Introduction (Physics in our World)
Chapter 15: Oscillatory Motion

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Course Outlines
Chapter 15 Oscillatory Motion

Chapter 19 Temperature

Chapter 20 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Chapter 21 Kinetic Theory of Gases

Chapter 22 Heat Engine and Heat Pump

Chapter 35 Nature of light and Optics

Chapter 36 Image Formation

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Course Assessment (Grading)

Two in class assignments 20%

Lab. (Experimental work) 20%
Final (Unseen Exam) 60%
100%
‘’Assignments will be done in the fifth and tenth weeks’’

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Physics in our World

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Physics in our World

In many research areas there is a great deal of overlap among
physics, chemistry, and biology. Evidence for this overlap is seen
in the names of some subspecialties in science—biophysics,
biochemistry, chemical physics, biotechnology, medical physics
and so on.

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Physics in our World

• Business and finance

• Art, music, and food

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Physics in our World

The Branches of Physics

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Lecture 1

Oscillatory
Motion

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Objectives

1 Identify the general features of oscillatory motion.

Discuss the oscillatory motion in case of mass
2 attached to spring.
Formulate of the oscillatory motion parameters
3 (Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration).

4 Applications.

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What is meant by oscillatory Motion?

Oscillatory motion of an object is a periodic

motion where the object regularly returns to
a given position after a fixed time interval
called a periodic time (T)

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Some examples of Oscillatory Motion

• Spring-mass system • Pendulum

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Some examples of Oscillatory Motion

• Molecules in a solid • Electromagnetic waves

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Some examples of Oscillatory Motion

• Vibrations of bridges (forced oscillation) • AC current

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Some examples of Oscillatory Motion

• Spring-mass system
Will be discussed…..
• Pendulum
• Vibrations on a stringed instrument
• Molecules in a solid
• Electromagnetic waves
• AC current
• Many other examples…
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What do these examples have in common?

• Time-period, T. This is the time it takes for one oscillation.

• Note that:
The periodic time (T), the frequency (f) and the angular
frequency or angular velocity (ω) are correlated as:

1 2
f =  = 2f =
T T

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What do these examples have in common?

• Amplitude (A): The maximum displacement from equilibrium

(A = xmax).

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Oscillatory Motion & Simple Harmonic Motion

• Simple harmonic motion is a special kind of periodic motion (oscillation) occurs in

mechanical systems when:
➢ The force acting on an object is proportional to the position of the object
relative to some equilibrium position.
➢ This force is always directed toward the equilibrium position.

‘’Oscillation of spring-mass system & simple pendulum are

two examples of SHM’’

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Simple harmonic Motion

• The regular periodic and sinusoidal motion

is known as simple harmonic motion
• We have two examples of simple harmonic
motion:
➢ Motion of mass attached to spring
➢ Motion of the simple pendulum

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What are the features of SHM?

From the figure what do

you think about the force
(or acceleration) and the
displacement of the
moving object?
Directly proportional and opposite

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What are the features of SHM?

The behavior of the oscillating particle displacement indicated that

the trigonometric functions sine and cosine exhibit this behavior.

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What are the features of SHM?

When an object moves
in simple harmonic
motion, a graph of its
position as a function
of time has a
sinusoidal shape with
an amplitude A. A pen
attached to the object
records the graph.

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Mathematical Formulation of SHM?

• Oscillatory motion occurs when a
force (F) acting on a body is
proportional to the displacement of
the body from equilibrium (x) (i.e.
restoring force).

F x
F =− constant x
F=−kx
(k is called the force constant)
• This formula is called Hook’s law.

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Conclusion
When an object moves in simple harmonic motion, the following feature are
observed:

• The force (or acceleration) acting on the moving object is

directly proportional to the displacement. 𝐹 = −𝑘 𝑥

• The direction of the force opposite to the displacement.

• The graph of its position as a function of time has a

sinusoidal shape with an amplitude A.

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Mathematical Formulation of SHM?

F = −kx
But F = mass x acceleration= ma, then, ma = − kx
a = − k/m x
But both m and k are constants then k/m is constant a = − constant x

• Later we will assign this constant as ω2 where ω is the angular frequency

or angular velocity.
thus, k/m =ω2
a = − ω2 x
 = constant = k / m = 2 f
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Mathematical Formulation of SHM?

K 2
 =
m
in case of mass attached to spring
 = 2f =
K= spring constant T
M= mass
In the next lecture we will obtain the following :
g
= in case of Simple pendulum
L
L = length of pendulum & g = gravity accelerati on

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QuickCheck#1
Which oscillation (or oscillations) is SHM?

a) A and B but not C.

b) None are.

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QuickCheck#1
Which oscillation (or oscillations) is SHM?

a) A and B but not C.

b) None are.
SHM should be sinusoidal (sin or cos function).
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Example#1
A car with a mass of 1300 kg is constructed so that its frame is supported by
four springs. Each spring has a force constant of 20000 N/m. Two people riding
in the car have a combined mass of 160 kg. Find the frequency of vibration of
the car after it is driven over a pothole in the road.

kone spring = 20000 N/m

keff = 4  20000 =80000 N/m
k
= meff = 160 + 1300=1460 kg
m
=
keff
=
80000
= 7.4 rad/s  7.4
f = = = 1.79 Hz
meff 1460 2 2
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Suppose the car stops on the side of the road and the two people exit the car.
One of them pushes downward on the car and releases it so that it oscillates
vertically. Is the frequency of the oscillation the same as the value we just
calculated?

kone spring = 20000 N/m

meff = 1300 kg
keff = 4  20000 =80000 N/m

keff 80000 1
=
meff
=
1300
= 7.8 rad/s 
meff
 7.8  k
f = = = 1.25 Hz
2 2
eff

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QuickCheck#2
A mass oscillates on a horizontal spring with
period T = 2.0 s. If the amplitude of the
oscillation is doubled, the new period will be

A. 1.0 s
B. 1.4 s
C. 2.0 s
D. 2.8 s
E. 4.0 s
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QuickCheck #2

A mass oscillates on a horizontal spring with

period T = 2.0 s. If the amplitude of the
oscillation is doubled, the new period will be

A. 1.0 s
B. 1.4 s
C. 2.0 s
D. 2.8 s
E. 4.0 s
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QuickCheck#3
A block of mass m oscillates on a horizontal
spring with period T = 2.0 s. If a second identical
block is glued to the top of the first block, the
new period will be

A. 1.0 s
B. 1.4 s
C. 2.0 s
D. 2.8 s
E. 4.0 s
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QuickCheck#3
A block of mass m oscillates on a horizontal
spring with period T = 2.0 s. If a second identical
block is glued to the top of the first block, the
new period will be

A. 1.0 s
B. 1.4 s
C. 2.0 s
D. 2.8 s
E. 4.0 s
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QuickCheck#4

Two identical blocks oscillate on different horizontal

springs. Which spring has the larger spring constant?

A. The red spring

B. The blue spring
C. There’s not enough
information to tell.

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QuickCheck#4

Two identical blocks oscillate on different horizontal

springs. Which spring has the larger spring constant?

A. The red spring

B. The blue spring
C. There’s not enough
information to tell.

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QuickCheck#5
A10-coil spring that has a spring constant k. When this spring is cut in
half, so there are two 5-coil springs, is the spring constant of each of
the shorter springs
(a)1/2k
(b) 2k

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QuickCheck#5
A10-coil spring that has a spring constant k. When this spring is cut in half, so
there are two 5-coil springs, is the spring constant of each of the shorter springs
(a)1/2k
(b) 2k

1
k  (the length)
L

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Series and
Parallel
Connections of
Spring-Systems

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QuickCheck#6
The effective spring constant for the given combination of springs
shown in the figure is
A)4k
B)2.5k
C)0.4k

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QuickCheck#6
The effective spring constant for the given combination of springs
shown in the figure is
A)4k
B)2.5k
C)0.4k

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Lab Experiment #1 : Hook’s Law 𝑔

𝑥𝑜 = …. cm
∆𝑥 = 𝑚
𝑘
Mass (gm) ∆𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 (cm) ∆𝑥 (cm)
20 𝑦2
40
60
80 𝑦1
100
120 𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑚(gm)
𝐹 = 𝑘∆𝑥
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑔
𝑚𝑔 = 𝑘∆𝑥 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑘
𝑔 𝑔
𝑚 = ∆𝑥 𝑘=
𝑘 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
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Summary of the lecture

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Summary of the lecture

When an object moves in simple harmonic motion (simple Pendulum and mass
attached to spring), the following feature are observed:

• The force (or acceleration) acting on the moving object is

directly proportional to the displacement.

F = −kx or a = − ω2 x
(k is called the force constant or spring constant)
• This formula is called Hook’s law.
• The direction of the force opposite to the displacement.
• The graph of its position as a function of time has a
sinusoidal shape with an amplitude A.

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Summary of the lecture

a = −ω2 x

thus, k/m =ω2

K
 = 2 f = in caseof mass attached tospring
m
K = spring constant In case of Simple pendulum (in this lecture) we willobtain the following:
m = mass
g
 = 2 f =
L
L = length of pendulum & g = gravity acceleration

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Challenging Problems 1 (to be discussed later)

A particle of mass m is attached with three spring A, B and C of equal force
constants k as shown in figure. The particle is pushed slightly against the
spring C and released, the time period of oscillation will be

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