wireless networks
Giuseppe Bianchi
[email protected]
Giuseppe Bianchi
Course outline
Part 1: cellular planning concepts Part 2: GSM Part 3: Wi-Fi GPRS, UMTS (extra classes - TIM) Extra time?
Giuseppe Bianchi
Wireless communication
Early wireless communication: in the 400-900 TeraHertz Band! 150 BC smoke signals (Greece) 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe What is wireless communication: Any form of communication that does not require the transmitter and receiver to be in physical contact Electromagnetic wave propagated through free-space
Radar, RF, Microwave, IR, Optical
Giuseppe Bianchi
types of communication
Simplex one-way communication
radio, TV, etc
Half-duplex: two-way communication but not simultaneous
push-to-talk radios, etc
Full-duplex: two-way communication
cellular phones
Frequency-division duplex (FDD) Time-division duplex (TDD): simulated full-duplex
Giuseppe Bianchi
Why wireless communication?
User Mobility Reduced Cost (cheap infrastructure) Cabling very critical Developing nations utilize cellular telephony rather than laying twisted-pair wires to each home Flexibility Can easily set-up temporary LANs
Disaster situations Office moves
Only use resources when sending or receiving a signal
Giuseppe Bianchi
Why wireless different than wired?
Noisy, time-varying channel BER varies by orders of magnitude Environmental conditions affect transmission Shared medium Other users create interference Must develop ways to share the channel Bandwidth is limited spectrum allocated by state rules ISM band for unlicensed use
Giuseppe Bianchi
History of wireless communication
1896: Marconi first demonstration of wireless telegraphy tx of radio waves to a ship at sea 29 km away long wave transmission, high power req. (200 kW and +) 1901: Marconi Telegraph across the atlantic ocean Close to 3000 Km hop! 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections huge ground stations (30 by100m antennas) 1915: Wireless telephony established NY S. Francisco Virginia and Paris 1920 Marconi: Discovery of short waves (< 100m) reflection at the ionosphere (cheaper) smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
Giuseppe Bianchi
History of wireless communication
1920's: Radio broadcasting became popular 1928: many TV broadcast trials 1930's: TV broadcasting deployment 1946: First public mobile telephone service in US St. Louis, Missouri Single cell system 1960's: Bell Labs developed cellular concept brought mobile telephony to masses 1960s: Communications satellites launched Late 1970's: technology advances enable affordable cellular telephony entering the modern cellular era 1974-1978: First field Trial for Cellular System
AMPS, Chicago
Giuseppe Bianchi
1st generation mobile systems
First generation: 1980s Analog transmission Frequency modulation Several competing standards in different countries Various bands:
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone)
Scandinavian standard; adopted in most of Europe First european system (Sweden, 1981)
NMT:
450 MHz first 900 MHz later
TACS (Total Access Communication Systems), starts in 1985
UK standard; A few of Europe, Asia, Japan
TACS
900 MHz
AMPS
800 MHz
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
US standard
Today still in use in lowtechnology countries
And not yet completely dismissed in high-tech countries
C-Netz (Only in Germany) Radiocom 2000 (Only in France)
Giuseppe Bianchi
2nd generation mobile systems
4 systems Basic bands: Global System for Mobile (GSM) 900 MHz Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), US 1800 MHz Code Division Multiple Access (Digital Cellular System: (IS-95) Qualcomm,US DCS-1800) Personal Digital Cellular 1900 MHz (PDC),Japan (Personal Communication GSM by far the System:PCS-1900,US only) dominant one Specifications for Originally pan-european GSM-400 (large areas) Deployed worldwide GSM-800 (north america) (slow only in US)
Giuseppe Bianchi
Timing
1982: Start of GSM-specification in Europe (1982-1990) 1983: Start of American AMPS widespread deployment 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones 1991 Specification of DECT Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) - ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication 1992: Start of GSM operation Europewide 1994: DCS-1800
Giuseppe Bianchi
2 generation mobile systems
GSM incremental extension
High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD)
Circuit switched data communication Uses up to 4 slots (1 slot = 9.6 or 14.4 Kbps)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Packet data (use spectrum only when needed!) dial-up comparable speed
Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution (EDGE)
Higher data rate available on radio interface (3x)
Up to 384 Kbps (8 slots) Thanks to new modulation scheme (8PSK) May coexist with old GMSK
Giuseppe Bianchi
3rd generation mobile systems
UMTS (Universal Mobile TelecommunicationSystem)
ITU standard: IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication 2000) UMTS forum created in 1996 Later on 3GPP forum (bears most of standardization activities)
Wideband CDMA radio interface
But several other proposals accepted as compatible
Radio spectrum: 1885-2025 & 2110-2200 MHz
Giuseppe Bianchi
Early Wireless LAN proprietary products WaveLAN (AT&T) - the ancestor of 802.11 HomeRF (Proxim) IEEE 802.11 Committee formed in 1990 Charter: specification of MAC and PHY for WLAN First standard: june 1997 Reference standard: september 1999 Multiple Physical Layers
1 and 2 Mbps operation
History of Wireless Data
45% of the home network in 2000; 30% in 2001, % today Abandoned by major chip makers (e.g. Intel: dismissed in april 2001)
2.4GHz Industrial, Scientific & Medical shared unlicensed band
Legacy; 802.11b/g
1999: Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) certification Later on named Wi-Fi Boosted 802.11 deployment!!
Giuseppe Bianchi
5 GHz ISM (802.11a)
WLAN speeds
802.11a: PHY for 5 GHz 802.11b: higher rate PHY for 2.4 GHz 802.11g: OFDM for 2.4 GHz 802.11n: ??? (Higher data rate)
Launched in september 2003 Minimum goal: 108 Mbps (but higher numbers considered)
Giuseppe Bianchi
Why so much talking about of 802.11 today?
802.11: no more just a WLAN Hot-spots Where the user goes, the network is available: home, school, office, hotel, university, airport, convention center Freedom to roam with seamless connectivity in every domain, with single client device May compete (complement) with 3G for Wireless Internet access
Which of these two is the proper (closer) picture of Wireless Internet and Mobile Computing? Which technology is most suited? Giuseppe Bianchi
WLAN Market - HotSpots
U.S. Commercial Hotspots 2001-2002: exceeded expectations by 14% 4.500 4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500
U.S. Hotspots growth (2002-2006)
50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2002 2004 2006
2001
Forecasted Actual
2002
Unique U.S. Hotspots
2003: 125.000 regular hotspot US users End 2006: 9 Million regular hotspot US users End 2006: 1 Billion dollars revenue predicted from HotSpot operation Giuseppe Bianchi
The global picture
GPRS, 3G UMTS
< 400 Kb/s Kms
Wide Area Local Area
WAN: everywhere outside of the hotspots, where wireless Internet 802.11/UMTS connection are provided
Mobile Broadband Internet
IEEE 802.11 (b) > 10 Mb/s 100 m
switching
Personal Area
Bluetooth
< 800 Kb/s 10 m
BT/802.11 switching
LAN: collection of secure hot spot connections, providing broadband access to the Internet
PAN: collection of secure connections between devices in a very local area
Giuseppe Bianchi
