Grammar 3

Past time Past simple is used for: events, states or actions that have been completed at same point in the past I got up, switched off the radio, and sat down again. to emphasise this completion at a time before the present we often add expressions such as in 1980, in the last century, many years ago, yesterday, when I was younger, but these expressions are not of course obligatory; habits Every day I went to the park.; states In those days, I didnt like reading. Past continuous (progressive) is used to describe: an action that was happening before a particular point in the past and was still in progress at that point. The action may or may not have continued after that point While I was opening the letter, the phone rang. is often used to set the scene or background to a narrative I entered the office and looked around. Most people were working at their desks, but Jane was staring out of the window and pretending to write something at the same time. changing states The car was getting worse all time. One of the headlights was gradually falling off, and the engine was making more and more funny noises.; repeated actions with time expressions like always, constantly, continually and all the time that express annoyance (is similar to the use of present continuous) When Jane was at school, she was always losing things.. Past continuous is not used to describe general habitual actions, without the sense of criticism. The sentence above implies that the action happened very often, but it is not meant literally. To express the literal meaning, the past simple is used: When I lived in London, I walked through the park every day.

Past perfect simple and continuous

Past perfect simple: the main use of this tense is to emphasize that one action in the past happened before another action in the past (past in the past`) By the time I got to the station, the train had left. You will never see this tense alongside any tense that refers to the present time. This tense is often used in a clause that is connected to another clause containing the past simple - the words that connect these clauses are called conjunctions; some examples are: because, that, when, as soon as, so, after, before and so forth. When we talk about a sequence of past events in order that they happened, we more commonly use the past simple, especially with quick short actions The train left five minutes before I got to the station. Past perfect continuous (progressive): for past perfect verb forms we can use the same contrast for events further back in the past (in contrast with the past perfect simple tense, which emphasises the result of a completed action, the past perfect continuous focuses on the duration or the activity itself) While I had been talking on the phone, Jimmy had escaped., The whole place was deserted, but it was obvious that someone had been living there.

This tense is also used in reported speech, third conditional sentences, or to show dissatisfaction with the past.

Used to and would

Used to: is normally used to compare past situations with present ones, the contrast may be stated or understood, and there is no present tense form use to I used to go swimming a lot (in the past). The negative form is either, but the form I didnt used to may also be found. Would: we can use would to talk about repeated past actions, not states. Only used to is possible when we talk about past states. It describes a habitual activity which was typical of a person or a time period Every week he used to buy his mother a bunch of flowers. Where we use would to describe a habitual activity, used to is also possible Every week he used to buy his mother a bunch of flowers.

Unfulfilled past events We use this tense to describe a past intention that never actually happened. We often find this form when someone is trying to give an excuse for not having done something that was expected or when someone feels that they have let another person down. The clause containing was/were going to is frequently followed immediately by but I was going to phone you, but I forgot. The contrasting past event is often understood, but not stated How are you? I was going to phone you (but I didnt).

Polite forms These are common with wonder I was wondering if you wanted to come to the cinema.

Grammar 9
Modals: present and future

Dont have to refers to an absence of obligation You dont have to work tomorrow. Must not refers to an obligation not to do something You must not leave the room before the end of the test. Should: you can also use ought to where should appears. Should is used to express expectation Tis film should be really good, to give an advice You should see a doctor, a recommendation I think you should talk it over with your parents, to criticize an action

 You shouldnt eat so much late at night and to show uncertainty Should I leave these papers on your desk?. Should is often use with verbs of thinking, to make an opinion less direct I should think that model would sell quite well. You can use should with be and adjectives like odd, strange, funny and the expression what a coincidence to describe chance Its strange that you should be staying in the same hotel! After in case it emphasize unlikelihood In case I should be out, this is my mobile number. Could: it is used to express possibility or uncertainty This could be the house. to make suggestions We could go to that new restaurant opposite the cinema. to express unwillingness I couldnt possibly leave Tim here on his own. And with comparative adjectives is used to express possibility or impossibility The situation couldnt be worse., It could be better. We use could (positive) and couldn't (negative) for general ability in the past but when we talk about one special occasion in the past, we use be able to and couldn't My grandmother could speak Spanish. Can: with be is used to make criticisms You can be really annoying you know! and to refer to capability Winter here can be really cold. Must and cant: in expressing certainty they are opposite, they refers to present time only This must be our stop (Im sure it is), This cant be our stop (Im sure it isnt). May/might as well: this describes something we should do it because there is no better alternative. Nobody else is going to turn up now for the lesson, so you may as well go home. May and might both express possibility or uncertainty. May is often used in formal language The peace conference may find a solution to the problem. Try as I might Try as I might, I could not pass my driving test. Shall: is used to emphasize something certain or something that the speaker wants to happen I shall definitely give up smoking this year and it is used in formal rules and regulations No player shall knowingly pick up or move the ball of another player. Will: express an assumption A: The phones ringing. B: Thatll be for me., emphasize the speakers intention, forbid an action in response to a will expression Ill take the money anyway, so there! You wont! I will! I wont can mean refuse and I will can mean I insist A: I wont do it! B: Yes, you will! Would: is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms and it is used too in situations where a conditional sense is understood but not stated Nobody would agree with the idea. (if you asked them). It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will" Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition in the past. Need and need to Need to is a modal auxiliary, and behaves like a normal verb Do you need to use the photocopier? Need is a modal auxiliary, but mainly in the question and negative forms Need you make so much noise?

Dare can be used in two ways: like an intransitive verb followed by infinitive with to I didnt dare to say anything. and like a modal auxiliary, mainly in questions and negatives She dare not refuse, How dare you?. Related non-modal expressions Had better: is a recommendation and refers only to the present or future Youd better not phone her again. And it can be reports in the past without change of form: He told me wed better come back another day. Be bound to: makes a future prediction of certainty Its bound to rain tomorrow.

Grammar 15
Relative clauses and non-finite clauses

Defining and non-defining A defining clause is used to add important information about the person or thing we mean. The sentence would have a different meaning without the defining relative clause By 4.30, there was only one painting which hadnt been sold. A non-defining clause adds extra information to the sentence. If we take the clause out of the sentence, the sentence still has the same meaning. In writing it is separated by commas, and in speech is usually indicated by intonation By 4.30, which was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.

Which and that Which and that are both used to introduce dependent clauses, but which is more formal By 4.30, there was only one paintings that hadnt been sold. That: is not normally used to introduce a non-defining clause The train, which was already an hour late, broke down again. cannot follow a preposition It was a service for which I will be eternally grateful. and it is often used instead of who in everyday speech in defining clauses Do you know the girl that lives next door?

Who and whom Whom is never the subject of a verb (Who, on the other hand, is always the subject of a verb) He was a person whom everyone regarded as trustworthy. However, this is felt to be

excessively formal by most speakers. It has to be used if it follows a preposition To whom am I speaking? Whose: this means `of whom and it is used in both defining and non-defining clauses.

When and where Non-defining: they follow a named time or place Come back at 3.30, when I wont be so busy., I stopped in Maidstone, where my sister owns a shop. Defining: when follows words such as time, day, moment There is hardly a moment when I dont think of you, Sophia; when follows words such as place, house, street This is the street where I live.

Omitting the relative pronoun Relative pronouns are often omitted except in the most formal of contexts Ive found the keys (which/that) Ive been looking for.

Sentences ending in a preposition or phrasal verb Another common feature of conversational English is to end a defining clause with a preposition Thats the house I used to live in.

Omitting which/who + be It may be possible to reduce a verb phrase after who/which to an adjectival one in a defining clause, especially to define phrases like the only one, the last/first one Jim was the only one of his platoon who had not been taken prisoner Jim was the only one of his platoon not taken prisoner.

Which A non-defining clause can comment on the whole situation described in the main clause There was nobody left on the train, which made me suspicious. Phrases with which, such as at which time/point, in which case, by which time, in which event can be used in the same way I watched the play until the end of the first act, at which point I felt I had seen enough.

Clauses beginning with what and whatever What: means the thing or things which can be used to start clauses I cant believe what you told me yesterday.

Whatever, whoever, whichever can used in a similar way.

Non-finite clauses containing an ing form

These are clauses without a main verb and they are used to express actions happening at the same time Waving their scarves and shouting, the fans ran onto the pitch, one action happening before another Opening the letter, she found that it contained a cheque 1000. (this type of clause often explains the reason for something happening and might begin with on or upon), an event which is the result of another event I didnt get wet, having remembered to take my umbrella. Where a passive construction might be expected, this is often shortened to a past participle Having been abandoned by his colleagues, the Minister was forced to resign. Abandoned by his colleagues, the Minister was forced to resign.

Grammar 21 Rip someone off: charge too much Run (someone) down: criticize, lose power, allow to decline Run into: meet Run to: have enough money Run over: check, also run through Run up: a bill, let a bill get longer without paying Run up against: encounter, usually a problem See someone off: go to the station, airport to say goodbye to someone See through: realize the truth about Send (something/someone) up: make fun of by imitating Set about: start working Set in: establish itself, especially weather Set out: give in detail in writing, arrange, start an action Set up: establish Set on/upon: attack Sink in: realize slowly Slip up: make a mistake

Sort (something) out: find a solution Stand by: keep to an agreement Stand for: represent, initials, tolerate Stand in for: take the place of Stand up to: resist, bear stress Step down: resign Step up: increase Stick up for: defend, especially yourself, your rights Take in: deceive Take (it) out on: make someone else suffer because of ones own sufferings Take off: imitate Take on: acquire a new characteristic, do something extra Take out: insurance, sign an insurance agreement Take over: gain control of Take to someone: develop a liking for Take up: time, occupy time Talk out of or into: dissuade form, persuade into Tell someone off: scold Tie in with: be in agreement with Track (someone) down: trace the whereabouts of Try out: test a machine Turn (someone/something) down: reject an offer Turn out: happen to be in the end, come to a meeting or from a crowd Turn up: be discovered by chance, arrive often unexpectedly Wear off: lose effect, especially a drug Work out: calculate, also work out at for specific amounts

The game will consist in writing verbs and particles or prepositions in different pieces of paper. First of all Ill explain what each one mean and after that the rest of the group should organize and construct a sentence with that phrasal verb.