RESEARCH APPROCHES
AND DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
In quantitative study research has t c nsider !any thin"s inc#udin" vari us $ractic#e ethica# and the ritica# cha##en"es it is %ased n evidenced&%ased nursin" $ractice'(hen the reseracher is interested t )ind the cause and e))ect re#ati nshi$ %et*een vari%#es that !ean he is ta#+in" a% ut quatitative research a$$r ch a$$r ach'Quatitative research is )urther c#assi)ied as e,$eri!enta# and n ne,$eri!enta# desi"n'
Quantitative Qualitative
E,$eri!enta# 1.phenomenicalstudies 1.true experimental 2.ethographic 2.quasi experimental 3.grounded Theory 3.pre-experimental 4.Historical 4.methodological 5.case-studies N n-e,$eri!enta# 1.survey 2.co-relational 3.comparitive
(a True-experimental i pre-test!post-test control group design ii post-test only control group design iii solomon "our group design (# $uasi experimental design i %on-equivalent control group design
ii Time series design (c pre-experimental design i one-short case study ii one group pre-test!post-test design (d &urvey i 'escriptive survey ii (xploratory survey iii )omparitive survey
(xperimental *esearch
+n experiment is a scienti"ic investigation in ,hich o#servations are made and data are collected according to a --set o" ,ell-de"ined criteria--.
)haracteristics o" True (xperimental *esearch 'esign
(1 .anipulation or /ntervention The experimentor does something to atleast some o" the su#0ects in study (2 )ontrol The experimentor introduces one or more controls over the experimental suitation including the use o" a control or comparision group (3 *andami1ation The experimentor assigns su#0ect to a control or experimental group as arandom #asis.
&ettings "or experimental desingn
(1 + "ield experiment2 /s a some exsisting social suitation in ,hich the phenomenon o" interest normally occurs
(2 + 3a#oratory (xperiment2 /s conducted in an arti"ical setting created speci"ically "or the experiment #y the investigator ,ho cae"ully controls the conditions ,hile manipulating the vaia#les o" interest under la#oratory conditions!the experimentor can exercise almost total control over the environment4the si1e o" the room-time o" day!heat!humidity!lighting all can #e speci"ied.
+dvatages and 'isadvantages o" experimental +pproach
The experiments are the most po,er"ul methods availa#le to scientist "or testing hypotesis o" cause and e""ect relationship #et,een varia#les (xperimental ,ee5ness + large num#er o" human characteristics such as sex!height or intelligence or environmental characteristics such as ,heather cannot #e experimentaly cotrolled!a ,ea5ness o" experiments is then arti"icielly another pro#lem ,ith experiment is Ha,thorne (""ect. /t is a 5ind o" 6lace-7o e""ect that is caused #y peoples expectation. True-(xperimental 'esign There are the criteria "or the true experimental design (1 The researcher manipulates the experimental design (2 +tleast one experimental and one comparision group are included in the study (3 &u#0ects are randomonly assigned to either the experimental or the comparision group.
Type o" (xperimental 'esign
&ym#olic presentation o" research design *-*andom +ssignment o" su#0ects to group 8-8#servation and measurement o" dependent vari#les
9-(-(xperiment treatment:intervention 6re-test only control group design /n post-test only control group design (1 &u#0ects are radomonly assigned to groups (2 The experimental group receives the experimental treatment and the control group recives the recives the routine treatment or no-treatment. (3 6ost test is given to #oth the groups. &olomon "our group design (1 /n this su#0ects are randomonly assigned to one o" the "our groups ./0T* ) group2one experimental group-1 ; comparision group1 are tests (3 T,o o" the group2(xperimental group-1 experimental group2 recives the experimental treatment ,hereas t,o o" the groups comparision group-2 recive the routine treatment or no-treatment (4 + post-test is given to all "our groups The solomon "our group design is considered to #e the most prestigious and most po,er"ul experimental design #ecause it minimises threats to internal and external validitiy $uasi experimental 'esign *esearch that used a quasi experimental design o"ten loo5s much li5e an expeiment it involves the manipulation o" an indepent vari#les.(92The instituation o" an experimental treatment ho,ever quasi experimental design lac5s atleast one o" the other t,o properties that characterised true experiments *andomi1ation or control group. There are many di""erent designs that "all into the category o" quasi experimental design. (1 %on-equvalent control group design
The non equivalent control group design in similar to pre test!post test!control group design expect that their is no random assignmental o" su#0ect to experimental ; comparision group <1=<2(experimental group !<1 <2(comparision group