Energy Conversion 1.

1 -- Demo Version

Engineering Software
Copyright 1996 P.O. Box 1180 Germantown, MD 20875 Phone/FAX: (301) 540-3605 E-Mail: [email protected] http://members.aol.com/engware

Physical Properties of Carbon C (S)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] -20,160.567 -20,367.130 -24,848.441 15.731 12.00 0.693 2.798 298 1.00

Physical Properties of Carbon C (S)

Input Values:
Maximum 5,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

2,000
1,000

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] -14,101.224 -15,487.550 -58,213.477 22.056 12.00 0.693 4.255 2,000 1.00

Physical Properties of Carbon C (S)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] 1,000 < T < 5,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 4.0701275000E+00 A1U 2.7167633000E+00 A2L -1.1084499000E-03 A2U 2.9451374000E-03 A3L 4.1521180000E-06 A3U -8.0224374000E-07 A4L -2.9637404000E-09 A4U 1.0226682000E-10 A5L 8.0702103000E-13 A5U -4.8472145000E-15 -3.0279722000E+04 A6L A6U -2.9905826000E+04 A7L -3.2270046000E-01 A7U 6.6305671000E+00

Physical Properties of Hydrogen H2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] 298 1.00 0.082 -0.668 -1,240.043 -19,463.335 65.311 2.00 4.159 14.435 1.405

Physical Properties of Hydrogen H2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 5,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

2,000
1,000

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] 2,000 1.00 0.012 26,491.777 18,173.818

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] -161,915.491 Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] 94.204 2.00 4.159 17.106 1.321

Physical Properties of Hydrogen H2 (G)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] 1,000 < T < 5,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 3.0574451000E+00 A1U 3.1001901000E+00 A2L 2.6765200000E-03 A2U 5.1119464000E-04 A3L -5.8099162000E-06 A3U 5.2644210000E-08 A4L 5.5210391000E-09 A4U -3.4909973000E-11 A5L -1.8122739000E-12 A5U 3.6945345000E-15 A6L -9.8890474000E+02 A6U -8.7738042000E+02 A7L -2.2997056000E+00 A7U -1.9629421000E+00

Physical Properties of Sulfur S (S)

Input Values:
Maximum 388

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] 0.529 -76.932 -296.695 0.997 32.00 0.260 0.692 298 1.00

Physical Properties of Sulfur S (S)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 388 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L -5.0637025000E+00 A1U 0.0000000000E+00 A2L 2.8819353000E-03 A2U 0.0000000000E+00 A3L -2.1330210000E-05 A3U 0.0000000000E+00 A4L 8.4787862000E-07 A4U 0.0000000000E+00 A5L -1.7344967000E-09 A5U 0.0000000000E+00 A6L 7.1482629000E+02 A6U 0.0000000000E+00 A7L 2.8714074000E+01 A7U 0.0000000000E+00

Physical Properties of Nitrogen N2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] 298 1.00 1.145 -0.165 -88.692 -2,039.028 6.842 28.00 0.297 1.041 1.400

Physical Properties of Nitrogen N2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 5,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

2,000
1,000

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] 2,000 1.00 0.171 2,004.914 1,410.774 -15,999.002 9.002 28.00 0.297 1.287 1.300

Physical Properties of Nitrogen N2 (G)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] 1,000 < T < 5,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 3.6748261000E+00 A1U 2.8963194000E+00 A2L -1.2081500000E-03 A2U 1.5154866000E-03 A3L 2.3240102000E-06 A3U -5.7235277000E-07 A4L -6.3217559000E-10 A4U 9.9807393000E-11 A5L -2.2577253000E-13 A5U -6.5223555000E-15 -1.0611588000E+03 A6L A6U -9.0586184000E+02 A7L 2.3580424000E+00 A7U 6.1615148000E+00

Physical Properties of Oxygen O2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] 298 1.00 1.308 -0.149 -77.610 -1,910.245 6.410 32.00 0.260 0.918 1.395

Physical Properties of Oxygen O2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 5,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

2,000
1,000

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] 2,000 1.00 0.195 1,849.839 1,329.966 -14,946.973 8.398 32.00 0.260 1.183 1.282

Physical Properties of Oxygen O2 (G)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] 1,000 < T < 5,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 3.6255985000E+00 A1U 3.6219535000E+00 A2L -1.8782184000E-03 A2U 7.3618264000E-04 A3L 7.0554544000E-06 A3U -1.9652228000E-07 A4L -6.7635137000E-09 A4U 3.6201558000E-11 A5L 2.1555993000E-12 A5U -2.8945627000E-15 A6L -1.0475226000E+03 A6U -1.2019825000E+03 A7L 4.3052778000E+00 A7U 3.6150960000E+00

Physical Properties of Water H2O (L)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] 298 1.00 0.736 -15,887.629 -16,025.337 -17,045.402 3.885 18.00 0.462 4.185 1.124

Physical Properties of Water H2O (L)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 1.2712782000E+01 A1U 0.0000000000E+00 A2L -1.7662790000E-02 A2U 0.0000000000E+00 A3L -2.2556661000E-05 A3U 0.0000000000E+00 A4L 2.0820908000E-07 A4U 0.0000000000E+00 A5L -2.4078614000E-10 A5U 0.0000000000E+00 A6L -3.7483200000E+04 A6U 0.0000000000E+00 A7L -5.9115345000E+01 A7U 0.0000000000E+00

Physical Properties of Air (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 1,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

298
273

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] 298 1.00 1.185 -172.841 -258.315 -2,165.866 6.688 29.00 0.287 1.007 1.398

Physical Properties of Air (G)

Input Values:
Maximum 5,000

Temperature [K]
Minimum

2,000
1,000

Pressure [atm]

1.00

Output Values:
Temperature [K] Pressure [atm] Density [kg/m^3] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Internal Energy [kJ/kg] Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Entropy [kJ/kg*K] Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K] Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] Gamma [/] 2,000 1.00 0.177 1,789.964 1,216.312 -15,811.078 8.801 29.00 0.287 1.261 1.294

Physical Properties of Air (G)

Lower Temperature Range Upper Temperature Range 298 < T <= 1,000 [K] 1,000 < T < 5,000 [K] Coefficients Coefficients A1L 3.6620900000E+00 A1U 3.0378300000E+00 A2L -1.3324400000E-03 A2U 1.3712400000E-03 A3L 3.3111800000E-06 A3U -4.9473600000E-07 A4L -1.9325500000E-09 A4U 8.5889900000E-11 A5L 2.8625400000E-13 A5U -5.6833600000E-15 A6L -1.6602700000E+03 A6U -1.5654400000E+03 A7L 2.7205400000E+00 A7U 5.6328600000E+00

Brayton Cycle (Power) (Ideal)

Input Values: Output Values:

Working Fluid Gamma [/] Specific Heat [J/kg*K] Compressor Inlet Temperature [K] Compressor Inlet Pressure [atm] Turbine Inlet Temperature [K] Turbine Inlet Pressure [atm] Working Fluid Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] Fuel HHV [Btu/lbm]

Air 1.40 1,004.0 298.0 1.00 1,500.0 15.00 1.0 24,000 Compressor Outlet Temperature [K] Turbine Outlet Temperature [K] Cycle Efficiency [%] Heat Rate [Btu/kWhr] Power Output [kW] Fuel Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] 646.0 691.9 53.87 6,334 462 0.015

Brayton Cycle (Power) (Real)

Input Values: Output Values:

Working Fluid Gamma [/] Specific Heat [J/kg*K] Compressor Inlet Temperature [K] Compressor Inlet Pressure [atm] Turbine Inlet Temperature [K] Turbine Inlet Pressure [atm] Working Fluid Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] Fuel HHV [Btu/lbm] Compressor Efficiency [/] Combustor Efficiency [/] Turbine Efficiency [/]

Air 1.40 1,004.0 298.0 1.00 1,500.0 15.00 1.0 24,000 1.00 1.00 1.00 Compressor Outlet Temperature [K] Turbine Outlet Temperature [K] Cycle Efficiency [%] Heat Rate [Btu/kWhr] Power Output [kW] Fuel Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] 646.0 691.9 53.87 6,334 462 0.015

Isentropic Compression (Ideal)

Input Values:
Working Fluid Gamma [/] Specific Heat [J/kg*K] Inlet Temperature [K] Inlet Pressure [atm] Outlet Pressure [atm] Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] Air 1.40 1,004.00 298.0 1.0 15.0 1.0 Outlet Temperature [K] Power Input [kW] 646.0 349

Output Values:

Isentropic Compression (Real)

Input Values:
Working Fluid Gamma [/] Specific Heat [J/kg*K] Inlet Temperature [K] Inlet Pressure [atm] Outlet Pressure [atm] Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] Isentropic Efficiency [/] Air 1.40 1,004.00 298.0 1.0 15.0 1.0 1.00 Outlet Temperature [K] Power Input [kW] 646.0 349

Output Values:

Combustion -- Coal/Oil
Input Values:
Fuel Composition MW [kg/kmol] 12 2 32 28 32 18 Mass Basis MW [kg/kg] [kg/kmol] 0.780 44 Carbon Dioxide 0.050 18 Water Vapor 0.030 64 Sulfur Dioxide 0.040 28 Nitrogen 0.080 32 Oxygen 0.020 Total 1.00 14,162.76 Oxidant to Fuel Ratio [/] Oxidant Composition MW [kg/kmol] 32 28 MW Gas Mole Basis [kg/kmol] [kmol/kmol] 44 Carbon Dioxide 0.21 18 Water Vapor 0.79 64 Sulfur Dioxide 28 Nitrogen 1.00 32 Oxygen Mass Basis [kg/kg] 0.23 0.77 1.00 1.00 Gas CO2 H2O SO2 N2 O2 10.487

Output Values:
Combustion Products Composition Mass Basis [kg] 2.860 0.470 0.060 8.097 0.000 11.487 Mass Basis [kg/kg] 0.249 0.041 0.005 0.705 0.000 1.000 Stoichiometry [/] Mole Basis [kmol] 0.065 0.026 0.001 0.289 0.000 0.381 10.487

Carbon Hydrogen Sulfur Nitrogen Oxygen Water Fuel Total Fuel HHV [Btu/lbm]

Oxygen Nitrogen Oxidant Total

Gas Constant Specific Heat [J/kg*K] [J/kg*K] 188.90 845.00 188.50 1,690.00 130.00 622.00 296.90 1,038.00 259.80 916.00 264.70 1,014.45
Maximum

MW [kg/kmol] 32 28

Combustion Products
Maximum 1,000

Oxygen Nitrogen Oxidant Total Excess Oxidant ( >= 1)

Fuel Temperature [K]

Minimum

298
273

Oxidant Temperature [K]

Minimum

Fuel Enthalpy [kJ/kg]

-317.5

Oxidant Enthalpy [kJ/kg] 2,484

Flame Temperature [K]

Mole Basis [kmol/kmol] 0.170 0.068 0.002 0.759 0.000 1.000

Gamma [/] 1.30 1.33 1.26 1.40 1.40 1.37

5,000

298
273

-0.2

Normal Shock
Input/Inlet Values: Output Values:

Working Fluid Gamma [/] Specific Heat [J/kg*K] Gas Constant [J/kg*K] Stagnation Temperature [K] Stagnation Pressure [atm] Velocity [m/s] Static Temperature [K] Static Pressure [atm] Mach Number [/]

Air 1.40 1,004.0 286.7 1,500.0 2.00 900.0 1,096.6 0.67 1.36 Stagnation Temperature [K] Stagnation Pressure [atm] Velocity [m/s] Static Temperature [K] Static Pressure [atm] Mach Number [/] 1,500.0 1.94 557.6 1,345.3 1.32 0.76

Thrust
Input Values: Output Values:

Working Fluid Gamma [/] Specific Heat [J/kg*K] Gas Constant [J/kg*K] Stagnation Temperature [K] Stagnation Pressure [atm] Velocity [m/s] Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] Ambient Pressure [atm]

Air 1.40 1,004.0 286.7 1,500.0 10.00 500.0 1.0 1.00 Static Temperature [K] Static Pressure [atm] Mach Number [/] Thrust [N] 1,375.5 7.38 0.67 1,181.9

Engineering Equations
Here are some of the basis engineering formulas/equations related to energy conversion systems which are built into the Engineering Software product line: Continuity Equation m = vA Momentum Equation F = mv + pA Energy Equation q - w = (h + v^2/2 + gh)out - (h + v^2/2 + gh)in State Equation for Ideal Gas pv = RT/MW Perfect Gas cp = constant k = cp/cv Isentropic Compression T2 / T1 = (p2 / p1)^(k - 1) / k T2 / T1 = (V1 / V2)^(k - 1) p2 / p1 = (V1 / V2)^k Combustion h reactants = h products Isentropic Expansion T1 / T2 = (p1 / p2)^(k - 1) / k T1 / T2 = (V2 / V1)^(k - 1) p1 / p2 = (V2 / V1)^k Sonic Velocity

vs = (kRT/MW)^1/2 Mach Number M = v/vs Isentropic Flow Tt / T = (1 + M^2*(k-1)/2) pt / p = (1 + M^2*(k-1)/2)^k/(k-1)

ht = (h + v^2/2) Tt = (T + v^2/(2*cp)) Cycle Efficiency Cycle Efficiency = Net Work/Heat Brayton Cycle Efficiency Brayton Cycle Efficiency = 1 - 1/(p2 / p1)^(k - 1) / k Otto Cycle Efficiency Compression Ratio = V1 / V2 Otto Cycle Efficiency = 1 - 1/Compression Ratio^(k - 1) Diesel Cycle Efficiency Compression Ratio (CR) = V1 / V2 Cut-Off Ratio (COR) = V3 / V2 Diesel Cycle Efficiency = 1 - (COR^k - 1)/(k*CR^(k - 1) *(COR - 1)) Heat Rate Heat Rate = (1/Cycle Efficiency)*3,412 Thrust Thrust = v*m + (pexit - patm)*A

Physical Properties For each reaction specie, the thermodynamic functions specific heat, enthalpy and entropy as functions of temperature are given in the form of least squares coefficients as follows:

Cp/R = A1 + A2*T + A3*T^2 + A4*T^3 + A5*T^4 H/(R*T) = A1 + A2*T/2 + A3*T^2/3 + A4*T^3/4 + A5*T^4/5 + A6/T S/R = A1*lnT + A2*T + A3*T^2/2 + A4*T^3/3 + A5*T^4/4 + A7 or S/R = A1*lnT + A2*T + A3*T^2/2 + A4*T^3/3 + A5*T^4/4 + A7 - lnp For each specie, two sets of coefficients are included for two adjecent temperature intervals, 273 to 1,000 [K] and 1,000 to 5,000 [K]. The data have been constrained to be equal at 1,000 [K]. Also, U = H - p*v*MW or U = H - R*T G = H - S*T and u = h - p*v or u = h - R*T/MW g = h - s*T

Legend: Cp -- Specific Heat [kJ/kmol*K] cp -- Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K] MW -- Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] R -- Universal Gas Constant [kJ/kmol*K] Gas Constant = R/MW [kJ/kg*K] H -- Enthalpy [kJ/kmol] h -- Enthalpy [kJ/kg] T -- Temperature [K] S -- Entropy [kJ/kmol*K] s -- Entropy [kJ/kg*K] p -- Pressure [atm] U -- Internal Energy [kJ/kmol]

u -- Internal Energy [kJ/kg] v -- Specific Volume [m^3/kg] G -- Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kmol] g -- Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] Fuel HHV Values Fuel Hydrogen Natural Gas Oil Carbon Coal Wood HHV [Btu/lbm] 60,000 24,000 18,000 14,000 8,000 -- 14,000 6,000

Working Fluid Properties Gas Air Ammonia Argon Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Helium Hydrogen Methane Nitrogen Oxygen Water Vapor Gas Notation Gas Constant [J/kg*K] 286.7 488.2 208.1 188.9 296.8 2,078.5 4,124.0 518.2 296.9 259.8 188.5 Assumptions This Engineering Software product allows quick and reliable calculation of thermodynamic and transport properties of gaseous, liquid and solid species, contains coefficients for the calculation of physical properties, steam approximations for both saturated and superheated areas, provides analyses of power cycles, power cycle components/processes and compressible flow. The aforementioned engineering calculations are valid under the following assumptions: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Single specie consideration Ideal gas approach is used (pv=RT) Specific heat is not constant Coefficients describing thermodynamic and transport properties were obtained from the NASA Lewis Center in Cleveland, OH -- such coefficients conform with the standard reference temperature of 298.15 K (77 F) and the Specific Heat [J/kg*K] 1,004.0 2,092.0 519.0 845.0 1,042.0 5,200.0 14,350.0 2,223.0 1,038.0 916.0 1,690.0 Gamma [/] 1.40 1.30 1.67 1.28 1.40 1.66 1.40 1.32 1.40 1.40 1.33

NH3 Ar CO2 CO He H2 CH4 N2 O2 H2O

JANAF tables Power Cycles Single specie consideration -- fuel mass flow rate ignored and its impact on the properties of the working fluid Basic equations hold (continuity, energy and momentum equations) Specific heat is constant Power Cycle Components/Processes Single specie consideration Basic equations hold (continuity, energy and momentum equations) Specific heat is constant Compressible Flow Single specie consideration Basic equations hold (continuity, energy and momentum equations) Specific heat is constant

How to Use the Spreadsheet

In each section, subsection of the spreadsheet, the user needs to change one or more input values in order to calculate a new case. Input values are in boxes with yellow background and can be changed by clicking on each individual box or even by using the arrow keys and changing the current value. Output values cannot be modified, changed by the user and they are in boxes with white background.

Disclaimer of Warranty
Engineering Software has made every effort to verify that this spreadsheet provides accurate, helpful information to assist you in carrying out your calculations. However, you must be aware that the information in this spreadsheet is sold to you "AS IS", without any warranty of any kind. The only exception is the 30-day warranty for replacement of defective disks. In no event shall Engineering Software be liable or responsible for any problems that arise because of the defects with this spreadshet. The ultimate responsibility for the accuracy of your calculations remains with the user.

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