Current Transformer

:By

‫ جججج ججج‬/ ‫ججججج‬

‫ججججج‬
APPLICATION
Current transformers (CT,s) are instrument
transformers that are used to supply a reduced value
of current to protective relays , meters and other
instruments.

CT,s provide isolation from the high voltage

primary , permit grounding of the secondary
windings for safety , and step down the magnitude of
the measured current to a value that can be safely
handled by the instruments
Ratio
The most common CT secondary full load current is
1A or 5A.
CT ratio are expressed as a ratio of rated primary
current to the rated secondary current .

Example
a 1000/1 A CT will produce 1A of secondary
.current when 1000 A flows through the primary
As the primary current changes the secondary
.current will vary accordingly
POLARITY
All CT,s are subtractive polarity .

Polarity refers to the instantaneous direction of

the primary current with respect to the secondary
current and is determined by the way the
transformer leads are brought out of the case

On subtractive polarity transformers the H1

primary lead and the X1 secondary lead will be on
the same side of the transformer.
CT POLARITY

P
1

S
1
Terminals Marking

general rules
The terminal markings shall identify: the primary
and secondary windings; the winding sections, if
any; the relative polarities of windings and winding
sections; the intermediate tapings, if any
Graphic symbols of current
transformers
The main tasks of instrument transformer are:

•To transform current, or voltages, from a high

value to a value easy to handle for relays and
instruments.
I1 N2
•Insulate secondary circuits from
the primary.
=
I2 N1
• permit the use of standard current
ratings for secondary equipment.
CT Ring Type
CT
Summation CT
CT equivalent
circuit
Excitation Curve

intermediate -
zone

Non saturated -
zone
TEST RESULT
Volt (V) Current (mA) Volt (V) Current (mA)

8.7 0.9 595 27.7

11.3 1.2 603 28.8

15.1 1.4 625 32.3

21.5 1.9 645 35.8

30.2 2.4 650 37.6

51.7 3.4 680 43.7

103.36 5.6 690 45.9

215.34 9.2 710 53.3

267 10.7 730 60.6

301.48 11.8 750 96.7

387.6 14.5 770 150.5

430.68 16 785 204.3

473.75 18.3 800 287.0

516.8 20.6 805 379.8

560 23.8 820 573.4

595 27.7 840 1111.0

603 28.8 860 2150

SECONDARY EXCITING
CURRENT
M AG CURVE

1000

M AG CURVE
100

10

1
0 .1 1 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 0 .0 1 0 0 0 0 .0
 A C.T consists essentially of an iron core with two windings.
One winding is connected in the circuit whose current is to be
measured.
The flow of current in the primary winding produces an
alternating flux in the core and this flux induces an e.m.f in the
secondary winding which results in the flow of secondary current
when this winding is connected to an external closed circuit .

The magnetic effect of the secondary current , in accordance with

fundamental principles , is in opposition to that of the primary and the value
of the secondary current automatically adjust itself to such a value , that the
resultant magnetic effect of the primary and secondary currents , produce a
flux required to induce the e.m.f. necessary to drive the secondary current
through the impedance of the secondary.
TERMS & SPECIFICATIONS

Thermal continuous current rating

The thermal continuous current rating
(r.m.s.value in operates) 1.2 times , or in
extended-range current transformers
1.2 or 2.0 times , the rated current.
Thermal short –time current Ith
Ith is the value of current quoted on the rating
plate with a duration of 1 sec. whose heating
effect the current transformer can withstand
without damage with the secondary winding
short circuited (r.m.s in KA)
Ith = Ik (t + 0.05 (50/f)

Ssc
Ik = 3 * Un
Example
MVA SC = 5000 MVA
V = 380 KV
5000
Ik =
3 * 380

Ik = 7.597 KA

Ith = Ik (1+ 0 .0 5 (5 0 /6
) 0

I dyn = 2.5 Ith

Dynamic current rating I dyn

I dyn is the h ighest amplitude of current

whose mechanical effects the CT can
withstand , with the secondary winding short
circuited , without damage (peak value in KA)

I dyn = 2.5 … 3 I th
 Burden

Burden = The impedance of the secondary

circuit in ohms and power factor. The burden
is usually expressed as the apparent power
(S) in volt-amperes absorbed at a specified
power-factor at the rated secondary current.
EXTERNAL BURDEN

BURDEN RB
=
VA / I² LB
To protect instrument and meters
from high fault currents the metering
cores must be saturated 10-40 times
the rated current depending of the
type of burden.
”The instrument security factor “Fs

Pn + Pi
n= * Fs
Pb + Pi
 The main characteristics of protection
CT cores are:
• Lower accuracy than for measuring transformer .

• High saturation voltage.

• Little , or no turn correction at all.

5P and 10P The error is then 5 and 10 at the

specified ALF and at rated burden.
The Accuracy Limit Factor indicates
the over current as a multiple times
the rated current , up to which the
rated accuracy (5P or 10P) is fulfilled
(with the rated burden connected).

Pn + Pi
n= * ALF
pb + Pi
 No. of primary turns = 1 turn

No. of secondary turns = N turn

Ip = N * Is
Ideal transformer for (Is) to flow
through R there must be some
potential Es = The E.M.F dφ
Es = Is * R
Es ∝
dt
.Es is produced by an alternating flux in the core
Es = I s * RCT + I s * z B
Flux required to produce Es

φ = B* A
Where
B = Flux density in the core
A = cross-sectional area of core

Ek = 4.44* B * f * A * N Equ. 1

E s = I s ( z B + zC T + z L ) Equ. 2 Required Ek  E s
CT 2000/5 , Rs =0.31, Imax =40 KA , MaX Flux density =1.6
Tesla
Find maximum secondary burden permissible if no saturation
is to occur.
Solution
N=2000/5 = 400Turns
Is max = 40000/400 = 100Amps
From Equ.1
Vk = 4.44*1.6*20*60*(400/10000) = 340 Volt

 Max burden = 340/100 = 3.4 ohms

Max connected burden = 3.4 - 0.31 = 3.09
CT ratio are selected to match the maximum
load current requirements.
i.e. the maximum design load current should
not exceed the CT rated current.

The CT ratio should be large enough so that the CT

secondary current does not exceed 20 times rated
current under the maximum symmetrical primary
fault current.
It is customary to place CT,s on both sides of the
breaker. So that the protection zones will overlap.

The protection Engineer can determine which side

of the breaker is best for CT location .
All possibilities of fault position should be
considered .
The overlap should occur across a
C.B, so the C.B lies in both zones for
this arrangement it is necessary to
install C.Ts on both sides of the C.B.

C.T,s mounted on both sides

of breaker no unprotected
region

 No region un protected
Current transformers
mounted on C.B side only of
breaker fault shown not
cleared by bus bar protection.
Current transformers mounted on bus bar
side only of breaker fault shown not
cleared circuit protection.

C,B will open by line protection but fault

will last.
PROTECTION IEC standard

RATIO 2000/5 A
POWER 20 VA
CLASS 5P20
MEASURING IEC standard

RATIO 2000/5 A
POWER 20 VA
CLASS 0.5SF5
CT Class X

THE FOLLOWING INFRMATION IS REQUIRED

Turns Ratio
Knee Point Voltage
Maximum Excitation Current
 Secondary Circuit Resistance
TPX, TPY AND TPZ
Current Transformers

CTs of class P, models were developed for CTs

of class TPX (closed-core), TPY and TPZ
(nonclosed-core). All models are based on
known rated values of the CTs. This is an
advantage of the presented method, because
no additional measurements of the parameters
of the CTs are needed.
 TPX
High remanence type CT
The high remanence type has no limit for the remanence
flux. This CT has a magnetic core without any air gap and a
remanence flux might remain for almost infinite time. In this
type of transformers the remanence flux can be up to 70-80%
of the saturation flux.
Typical examples of high remanence type CT are class P,
TPS, TPX according to IEC,class P, X according to BS
(British Standard) and non gapped class C, K according to
ANSI/IEEE.
 TPY
Low remanence type CT
The low remanence type has a specified limit for the
remanence flux. This CT is made with a small air gap
to reduce the remanence flux to a level that does not
exceed 10% of the saturation flux.
The small air gap has only very limited influence on
the other properties of the CT. Class TPY according
to IEC is a low remanence type CT.
 TPZ
Non remanence type CT
The non remanence type CT has practically
negligible level of remanence flux. This type of CT
has relatively big air gaps in order to reduce the
remanence flux to practically zero level. At the same
time, these air gaps minimize the influence of the
DC-component from the primary fault current.
The air gaps will also reduce the measuring
accuracy in the non-saturated region of operation.
Class TPZ according to IEC is a non remanence type
CT.
As a matter of safety, the secondary circuits
of a current transformer should never be
opened under load, because these would then
be no secondary mmf to oppose the primary
mmf, and all the primary current would
become exciting current and thus might
induce a very high voltage in the secondary.
General
As a matter of safety, the secondary circuits
of a current transformer should never be
opened under load, because these would then
be no secondary mmf to oppose the primary
mmf, and all the primary current would
become exciting current and thus might
induce a very high voltage in the secondary.
 EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM
Ip Rp Xp Rs Is
e
g
c
Pri Ie Ze Sec
h
d f
Ve = EXCITATION VOLTAGE Vef
Ie = CURRENT
Ze = IMPEDANCE
Vt = TERMINAL VOLTAGE Vgh
KNEE POINT OR EFFECTIVE POINT
OF SATURATION

ANSI/IEEE: as the intersection of the curve

with a 45° tangent line
IEC defines the knee point as the intersection
of straight lines extended from non saturated
and saturated parts of the excitation curve.
IEC knee is higher than ANSI - ANSI more
conservative.
 Excitation Volts

Knee Point Volts

LINE 45°

ANSI/IEEE
KNEE POINT
IEC KNEE POINT

ANSI/IEE
KNEE POINT

EX: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED

CONNECTED WIRING AND RELAY
RATINGS AT MAXIMUM LOAD. NOTE
DELTA CONNECTD CT’s PRODUCE
CURRENTS IN CABLES AND RELAYS
THAT ARE 1.732 TIMES THE
SECONDARY CURRENTS
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

SELECT RATIO TO BE GREATER

THAN THE MAXIMUM DESIGN
CURRENT RATINGS OF THE
ASSOCIATED BREAKERS AND
TRANSFORMERS.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

RATIOS SHOULD NOT BE SO

HIGH AS TO REDUCE RELAY
SENSITIVITY, TAKING INTO
ACCOUNT AVAILABLE RANGES.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

THE MAXIMUM SECONDARY

CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED
20 TIMES RATED CURRENT. (100
A FOR 5A RATED SECONDARY)
RATIO
CONSIDERATIONS

HIGHEST CT RATIO PERMISSIBLE

SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMIZE
WIRING BURDEN AND TO OBTAIN
THE HIGHEST CT CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

FULL WINDING OF MULTI-RATIO

CT’s SHOULD BE SELECTED
WHENEVER POSSIBLE TO AVOID
LOWERING OF THE EFFECTIVE
ACCURACY CLASS.
 Core Demagnetizing
The core should be demagnetized as the final
test before the equipment is put in service.
Using the Saturation test circuit, apply
enough voltage to the secondary of the CT
to saturate the core and produce a
secondary current of 3-5 amps. Slowly
reduce the voltage to zero before turning
off the variac.
 TESTING
Saturation
The saturation point is reached when
there is a rise in the test current but not
the voltage.

Burden
 TESTING
Polarity
This test checks the polarity of the CT

Ratio
Insulation test
SATURATION
Abnormal high primary current
High secondary burden
Combination of the above two
factors will result in the creation of
high flux density in the current
transformer iron core.
When this density reaches or
exceeds the design limit of the core ,
saturation results.
SATURATION
The accuracy of the CT becomes
very poor.
The output wave form distorted.
The result secondary current lower
in magnitude.
The greatest dangerous is loss of
protective device coordination
SATURATION
list of CT problems usually found
at site:

•Shorted CT secondaries
• Open-circuited CT secondaries
• Miswired CTs
• CTs that had not been wired
• CTs installed backwards
• Incorrect CTs
• Defective CTs
• CTs with incorrect ratios or on the
wrong taps
 ‫‪THANKS‬‬
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