1.

Three 15 MVA, 30 kV synchronous generators A, B, and C are connected via three

reactors to a common bus bar, as shown in Figure 1. The neutrals of generators A

and B are solidly grounded, and the neutral of generator C is grounded through a
reactor of 2.0 . The generator data and the reactance of the reactors are tabulated
below. A line-to-ground fault occurs on phase a of the common bus bar. Neglect
prefault currents and assume generators are operating at their rated voltage.
Determine the fault current in phase a.

Figure 1
The generator base impedance is
(30) 2
ZB =
= 60
15
The reactor per-unit reactance, and the per-unit generator C neutral reactor are
6
XR =
= 0.1pu
60

Xn =

2
= 0.3333pu
60

The positive-sequence impedance network is shown in Figure (a), and the zero
sequence impedance network is shown in Figure (b).

The positive-sequence impedance is

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
X 1 0.35 0.3 0.3

X 1 = 0.105pu

The negative-sequence impedance network is the same as the positive-sequence

impedance network, except for the value of the generator negative-sequence
reactance. Therefore, the negative-sequence impedance is

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
X 2 0.255 0.255 0.255

X 2 = 0.085pu

The zero-sequence impedance is

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
X 0 0.156 0.156 0.26

X 0 = 0.06pu

The line-to-ground fault current in phase a is

I a = 3I (a0 ) =

3
= j12pu
j(0.105 + 0.085 + 0.06)

2. The reactance data for the power system shown in Figure 2 in per unit on a common
base is as follows:

X1 = 10 %
X0 = 5 %

X1 = 25 %
X0 = 25 %

X1 = 30 %
X0 = 50 %

X1 = 25 %
X0 = 25 %

XG1 = 10 %
XG0 = 5 %

Figure 2
Obtain the Thevenin sequence impedances for the fault at bus 1 and compute the
fault current in per unit for the following faults:
(a) A bolted three-phase fault at bus 1.
(b) A bolted single line-to-ground fault at bus 1.
(c) A bolted line-to-line fault at bus 1.
(d) A bolted double line-to-ground fault at bus 1.

The positive-sequence impedance network is shown below, and impedance

to the point of fault is

Z1 = j

(0.35)(0.65)
= j0.2275pu
0.35 + 0.65

Since negative-sequence reactances are the same as positive-sequence reactances,

X2 = X1 = 0.2275.
The zero-sequence impedance network is shown below, and impedance to the point
of fault is

Z0 = j

(0.25)(0.75)
= j0.1875pu
0.25 + 0.75

(a) For a bolted three-phase fault at bus 1, the fault current is

If = j

1
= j4.3956pu
0.2275

(b) For a bolted single-line to ground fault at bus 1, the fault current is
I f = 3I (a0) =

3
= j4.669pu
j(0.2275 + 0.2275 + 0.1875)

(c) For a bolted line-to-line fault at bus 1, the fault current in phase b is
I (a1) =

1
= j2.1978pu
j(0.2275 + 0.2275)

I f = j 3 I (1)
a = - 3.8067 pu

(d) For a bolted double line-to-line fault at bus 1, we have

I (a1) =

1
= j3.02767 pu
(0.2275)(0.1875)
j0.2275 + j
(0.2275 + 0.1875)

I (a0 ) = j3.02767

0.2275
= j1.6597pu
(0.2275 + 0.1875)

I f = 3I (a0) = j4.9792pu
3. The zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence bus impedance matrices for a
three-bus power system are

0.20 0.05 0.12

Z 0 = j 0.05 0.10 0.08 pu
0.12 0.08 0.30

Z1

0.16 0.10 0.15

= Z 2 = j 0.10 0.20 0.12 pu
0.15 0.12 0.25

Determine the per unit fault current and the bus voltages during fault for
(a) A bolted three-phase fault at bus 2.
(b) A bolted single line-to-ground fault at bus 2.
(c) A bolted line-to-line fault at bus 2.
(d) A bolted double line-to-ground fault at bus 2.
(a) The symmetrical components of fault current for a bolted balanced three-phase
fault at bus 2 is given by
I (1)
=
fa

Vf
1
(0)
=
= -j5 ; I (2)
f a = 0 ; If a = 0
(1)
j0.20
Z 22

The fault current

I fa
1 1
I = 1 a 2
fb

I fc
1 a

1
a
a 2

0
0 5 - 90
- j5 = 5150 0

0 530

For balanced fault we only have the positive-sequence component of voltage. Thus,
bus voltages during fault for phase a are
V1 ( F )

Z 112
0.1
= 1.0 1 = 1.0
= 0.5 p.u.
0.2
Z 22

V2 ( F ) =

ZF
0
=
= 0 p.u.
Z 22 0.2

V3 ( F ) = 1.0

Z 132
0.12
= 1.0
= 0.4 p.u.
1
0.2
Z 22

(b) The symmetrical components of fault current for a single line-to-ground

fault at bus 2 is given by
I (1)
= I (2)
= I (0)
fa
fa
fa =

Let Vf = 1.0 0

(1)
22

Vf
(0)
+ Z (2)
22 + Z 22

= I (2)
= I (0)
Then I (1)
fa
fa
fa =

1.00 0
= j2
j (0.20 + 0.20 + 0.10)

(1)
(2)
(1)
The fault current I f a = I (0)
f a + I f a + I f a = 3 I f a = - j 6; I f b = I f c = 0

The sequence components of voltage at bus 2 are calculated as

(0)
V2(0)a = Z (0)
22 I f a = ( j 0.10 ) ( j 2 ) = 0.20
(1)
V2(1)a = Vf Z (1)
22 I f a = 1.0 ( j 0.20 ) ( j2 ) = 0.60
(2)
V2(2)a = Z (2)
22 I f a = ( j0.20 ) ( j2 ) = 0.40

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 2 are computed as

V2 a
1 1

2
V2 b = 1 a
V2 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0.20
0.60 =

0.40

0
0.9165 109.110
0.9165 109.110

The sequence components of voltage at bus 1 are calculated as

(0)
V1(0)a = Z 12
I (0)
f a = ( j 0.05 ) ( j 2 ) = 0.10
(1)
V1(1)a = Vf Z 12
I (1)
f a = 1.0 ( j 0.10 ) ( j 2 ) = 0.80
(2)
V1(2)a = Z 12
I (2)
f a = ( j0.10 ) ( j2 ) = 0.20

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 1 are computed as

 V1 a
1 1

2
V1 b = 1 a
V1 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0.10
0.80 =

0.20

0.50 0 0
0.9539 114.79 0
0.9539 114.79 0

The sequence components of voltage at bus 3 are calculated as

(0)
V3(0)a = Z (0)
32 I f a = ( j 0.08 ) ( j 2 ) = 0.16
(1)
V3(1)a = Vf Z (1)
32 I f a = 1.0 ( j 0.12 ) ( j 2 ) = 0.76
(2)
V3(2)a = Z (2)
32 I f a = ( j0.12 ) ( j2 ) = 0.24

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 1 are computed as

V3 a
1 1

2
V3 b = 1 a
V3 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0.16
0.76 =

0.24

0.36 0 0
0.9625 115.87 0
0.9625 115.87 0

(c) The symmetrical components of fault current for line-to-line fault at bus 2 are
I (0)
fa = 0
I

(1)
fa

=- I

(2)
fa

Vf
1.00 0
= -j2.5
=
(2)
j (0.20 + 0.20 )
Z (1)
22 + Z 22

The phase components of fault currents in the fault are

(1)
(2)
I f a = I (0)
f a + If a + If a = 0
(2)
(1)
I f b = a 2 I (1)
f a + a I f a = j 3 I f a = -4.33

I f c = I f b = 4.33
The sequence components of voltage at bus 2 are calculated as
(0)
V2(0)a = Z (0)
22 I f a = ( j 0.10 ) ( 0 ) = 0
(1)
V2(1)a = Vf Z (1)
22 I f a = 1.0 ( j 0.20 ) ( j2.5 ) = 0.50
(2)
V2(2)a = Z (2)
22 I f a = ( j0.20 ) ( j2.5 ) = 0.50

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 2 are computed as

 V2 a
1 1

2
V2 b = 1 a
V2 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0
0.50 =

0.50

1 0 0
0.5 180 0
0.5 180 0

The sequence components of voltage at bus 1 are calculated as

(0)
V1(0)a = Z 12
I (0)
f a = ( j 0.05 ) ( 0 ) = 0
(1)
V1(1)a = Vf Z 12
I (1)
f a = 1.0 ( j 0.10 ) ( j 2.5) = 0.75
(2)
V1(2)a = Z 12
I (2)
f a = ( j0.10 ) ( j2.5 ) = 0.25

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 1 are computed as

V1 a
1 1

2
V1 b = 1 a
V1 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0
0.75 =

0.25

1 0 0
0.6614 139.110
0.614 130.110

The sequence components of voltage at bus 3 are calculated as

(0)
V3(0)a = Z (0)
32 I f a = ( j 0.08 ) ( 0 ) = 0
(1)
V3(1)a = Vf Z (1)
32 I f a = 1.0 ( j 0.12 ) ( j 2.5 ) = 0.70
(2)
V3(2)a = Z (2)
32 I f a = ( j0.12 ) ( j2.5 ) = 0.30

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 1 are computed as

V3 a
1 1

2
V3 b = 1 a
V3 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0
0.70 =

0.30

1 0 0
0.6083 145.285 0
0.6083 145.285 0

(d) The symmetrical components of fault current for a double line-to-ground fault at
bus 2 is given by
I (1)
fa =
Z (1)
22

Vf
1.0
=
= j 3.75
(2)
(0)
( j 0.20 ) ( j 0.10 )
Z 22 Z 22
j 0.20 +
+ (2)
j 0.20 + j 0.10
Z 22 + Z (0)
22

(2)
fa

=I

(1)
fa

(1)
I (0)
f a = If a

Z (0)
j0.10
22
= ( j3.75 )
= j1.25
(2)
(0)
j0.20 + j0.10
Z 22 + Z 22
Z (2)
j0.20
22
= ( j3.75 )
= j2.5
(2)
(0)
j0.20 + j0.10
Z 22 + Z 22

Phase components of current at the fault bus are

(1)
(2)
I f a = I (0)
f a + If a + If a = 0
2
(1)
(2)
0
0
I f b = I (0)
f a + a I f a + a I f a = j2.5 + 3.75150 + 1.25210

(1)
2
(2)
I f c = I (0)
f a + a If a + a If a

= 5.7282 139.110
= j2.5 + 3.7530 0 + 1.25 30 0
= 5.7282 40.89 0

Fault current I f = I f b + I f c = 7.5 90 0

The sequence components of voltage at bus 2 are calculated as
(0)
V2(0)a = Z (0)
22 I f a = ( j 0.10 ) ( j 2.5 ) = 0.25
(1)
V2(1)a = Vf Z (1)
22 I f a = 1.0 ( j 0.20 ) ( j3.75 ) = 0.25
(2)
V2(2)a = Z (2)
22 I f a = ( j0.20 ) ( j1.25 ) = 0.25

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 2 are computed as

V2 a
1 1

2
V2 b = 1 a
V2 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0.25
0.25 =

0.25

0.75 0 0
0
0

The sequence components of voltage at bus 1 are calculated as

(0)
V1(0)a = Z 12
I (0)
f a = ( j 0.05 ) ( j 2.5 ) = 0.125
(1)
V1(1)a = Vf Z 12
I (1)
f a = 1.0 ( j 0.10 ) ( j3 .75 ) = 0.625
(2)
V1(2)a = Z 12
I (2)
f a = ( j0.10 ) ( j1.25 ) = 0.125

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 1 are computed as

 V1 a
1 1

2
V1 b = 1 a
V1 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0.125
0.625 =

0.125

0.875 0 0
0.50 120 0
0.50 120 0

The sequence components of voltage at bus 3 are calculated as

(0)
V3(0)a = Z (0)
32 I f a = ( j 0.08 ) ( j 2.5 ) = 0.20
(1)
V3(1)a = Vf Z (1)
32 I f a = 1.0 ( j 0.12 ) ( j 3.75 ) = 0.55
(2)
V3(2)a = Z (2)
32 I f a = ( j0.12 ) ( j1.25 ) = 0.15

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 1 are computed as

V3 a
1 1

2
V3 b = 1 a
V3 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0.20
0.55 =

0.15

0.90 0 0
0.3775 113.413 0
0.3775 113.413 0