Important Formulas

Transformation Matrix / Symmetrical Components Matrix

Vabc = [A] * Va012

Va012 = [A]-1*Vabc

α = 1∟+120° = - 0.5 + j 0.866

α2 = 1∟+240° = - 0.5 – j 0.866
 Fault Analysis

1) L-G fault (one line connected to ground)

Conditions:
1) Ib = Ic = 0, only Ia is present as fault current
2) Va = Ia* Zf

Sequence Network:
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 = (1/3)* Ia
All sequence networks (Z1, Z2 and Z0) are connected in series.

Fault Current = Ia = 3*Ia1 = 3*Ea/(Z1+Z2+Z0) + (3 Zf)

2) L-L fault (two lines connected to each other)

Conditions:
1) Ia = 0
2) Ib = – Ic (fault current)
3) Vb – Vc = Ib * Zf

Sequence Network:
Ia1 = – Ia2, Ia0 = 0
Va1 – Va2 = Ia1* Zf
+ve and –ve sequence networks (Z1 and Z2) are connected in parallel.
Zero sequence network is not connected.

Fault Current Ib = – j√3 * Ia1 = – j√3 *Ea / (Z1+Z2+Zf)

3) L-L-G fault (two lines connected to ground)

Conditions:
1) Ia =0
2) Vb = Vc = (Ib + Ic)* Zf

Sequence Network:
Va1=Va2
Va0 = Va1 + 3 Zf* Ia0
All the three sequence networks (Z1, Z2 and Z0) are connected in parallel.
5.1 (UOP 303145)
A single phase load of 100 KVA is connected across line BC of 3 phase supply of
3.3 kV. Determine symmetrical components of line currents.

Solution: -
V(line) = 3.3 kV
Load = 100 KVA

Ib = 100/3.3 = 30.303 amp

Ic = - Ib = - 30.303 amp
Ia = 0

Ia012 = [A]-1*Iabc

Ia0 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic)

Ia1 = 1/3 (Ia + α Ib + α2 Ic)
Ia2 = 1/3 (Ia + α2 Ib + α Ic)

Zero Sequence Components

Ia0 = 0 (as Ic=-Ib)

Positive Sequence Component

Ia1 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib (α – α2))
α – α2 = j √3 =1.732
Ia1 = 1/3*Ib*√3
Ia1 = j 17.5 amp = 17.5∟90°
Negative Sequence Component
Ia2 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib (α2 – α))
α2 – α = - j √3 = - 1.732
Ia2 = - 1/3*Ib*√3
Ia2 = - j 17.5 amp = 17.5∟-90°

Ia1 = - Ia2

Ib1 = α2*Ia1
Ib1 = (1∟+240°)*(17.5∟90°)
Ib1 = 17.5∟330° = 15.15 – j 8.75

Ib2 = α*Ia2
Ib2 = (1∟+120°)*(17.5∟- 90°)
Ib2 = 17.5∟30° = 15.15 + j 8.75

Ic1 = α*Ia1
Ic1 = (1∟+120°)*(17.5∟90°)
Ic1 = 17.5∟210° = - 15.15 – j 8.75

Ic2 = α2*Ia2
Ic2 = (1∟+240°)*(17.5∟- 90°)
Ic2 = 17.5∟150° = - 15.15 + j 8.75

Ib = Ib1+Ib2+Ib0 = + 30.303
Ic = Ic1+Ic2+Ic0 = - 30.303
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.2
A 3 phase 10 MVA, 11 kV synchronous generator with solidly grounded neutral
point supplies a feeder. The relevant impedance of generator and feeder are
Impedance Generator Feeder
+ve sequence impedance (Z1) j 1.4 Ω j 1.0 Ω
- ve sequence impedance (Z2) j 0.8 Ω j 1.0 Ω
Zero sequence impedance (Z0) j 0.5 Ω j 3.0 Ω

A fault from one phase to ground occurs at far end of feeder. Determine voltage
to neutral of faulty phase at terminals of generator.
Solution
MVAbase= 10
kVb= 11

Generator Impedances
Z1 = j 1.4 pu
Z2 = j 0.8 pu
Z0 = j 0.5 pu

Feeder Impedances (MVAb / kVb2)

Z1 = j 0.0826 pu
Z2 = j 0.0826 pu
Z0 = j 0.247 pu

Total Impedances up-to fault point

Z1t = j 1.4826 pu
Z2t= j 0.8826 pu
Z0t = j 0.747 pu

Fault Type: - Single Line to Ground (L-G)

Assumption: - Line a is connected to ground.

Sequence Network for L-G fault

All the sequences impedances are connected in Series.

Ea = 1∟0
Zf = 0 (no fault impedance)
Ia1 = 1∟0/(j 1.4826 + j 0.8826 + j 0.747)
Ia1 = - j 0.3213 pu = 0.3213∟-90°

Fault Current If = Ia = 3*Ia1 = - j 0.9639 pu

Ibase = 10*103/√3*11
Ibase = 524.863 amp

If actual = 505 amp.

Va1 = E – Ia1*Z1
Va1 = (1+ j 0) – ((0.3213∟-90)*(1.4826∟90))
Va1 = (1+ j 0) – (0.4763 + j 0)
Va1 = 0.5273 pu

Va2 = - (Ia2*Z2)
Va2 = - ((0.3213∟-90)*(0.8826∟90))
Va2 = - 0.2835 pu

Va0 = - (Ia0*Z0)
Va0 = - ((0.3213∟-90)*(0.747∟90))
Va0 = - 0.240 pu

Vabc = [A] * Va012

Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2

Va = Ea – Ia1*Z
Va = (1+ j 0) – ((0.3213∟-90)*(3.1122 ∟90))
Va = (1+ j 0) – (1)
5.3
A 50 MVA, 11 kV 3 phase synchronous generator was subjected to different types
of faults. The fault currents are as follows.
L-G fault: - 4200 Amp
L-L fault: - 2600 Amp
L-L-L fault: - 2000 Amp
The generator neutral is solidly grounded. Find per unit values of 3 sequence
reactance of generator.

Solution:
Vph = 6350.85 volt

(1) For L-L-L fault

Fault Current (If) = Vph / X1
X1 = 3.175 Ω

(2) For L-L fault

Fault Current (If) = √3*Vph / (X1+X2)
X1 + X2 = 4.230 Ω
X2 = 1.055 Ω

(3) For L-G fault

Fault Current (If) = 3*Vph / (X1+X2+X0)
X1 + X2 + X0 = 4.536 Ω
X0 = 0.306 Ω

I base = 50*103 / √3*11 = 2624.319 amp

X base = V base (ph) / I base = 2.619 Ω

X1 pu = 1.212 pu
X2 pu = 0.402 pu
X0 pu = 0.116 pu
5.4
The voltages of 3 phase supply connected to a load of 10 Ω resistance/ph in star
are 200∟0°, 100∟255.5° and 200∟151° volts. Find symmetrical components of
phase voltages and line currents. Also find total power consumed.

Solution:
Van = 200∟0° = 200 + j 0
Vbn = 100∟255.5° = -25.038 – j 96.814
Vcn = 200∟151° = - 174.923 + j 96.961
Load = 10 ∟0° (resistive)

Ia = 20∟0° = 20 + j 0
Ib = 10∟255.5° = - 2.503 – j 9.681
Ic = 20∟151° = - 17.492 + j 9.696

Va012 = [A]-1*Vabc

Va0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc)

Va1 = 1/3 (Va + α*Vb + α2*Vc)
Va2 = 1/3 (Va + α2*Vb + α*Vc)

α = 1∟120°
α2 =1∟240°

α*Vb = 100∟375.5 = 96.363 + j 26.723

α2*Vb = 100∟495.5 = -71.325 + j 70.090

α*Vc = 200∟271 = 3.490 - j 199.969

α2*Vc = 200∟391 = 171.433 + j 103.007

Va0 = 1/3 (0.039 + j 0.147) = 0.013 + j 0.049

Va0 = 0.05∟75.14°
Va1 = 1/3 (Va + α*Vb + α2*Vc)
Va1 = 1/3 (467.796 + j 129.73) = 155.932 + j 43.243
Va1 = 161.817∟15.49°

Va2 = 1/3 (Va + α*Vc + α2*Vb)

Va2 = 1/3 (132.165 – j 129.879) = 44.055 – j 43.293
Va2 = 61.766∟-44.5°

Component Va Vb Vc
0.05∟75.14° 0.05∟75.14° 0.05∟75.14°
0
0.013 + j 0.049 0.013 + j 0.049 0.013 + j 0.049
161.817∟15.49° 161.817∟255.49° 161.817∟135.49°
1
155.932 + j 43.243 -40.543 – j 156.655 -115.396 + j 113.439
61.766∟-44.5° 61.766∟75.5° 61.766∟195.5°
2
44.055 – j 43.293 15.464 + j 59.798 -59.519 – j 16.506
Final 199.885 – j 0.001 -25.066 – j 96.808 - 174.902 + j 96.982
Actual 200 + j 0 -25.038 – j 96.814 - 174.923 + j 96.961

Ia012 = [A]-1*Iabc

Ia0 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic)

Ia1 = 1/3 (Ia + α Ib + α2 Ic)
Ia2 = 1/3 (Ia + α2 Ib + α Ic)

α = 1∟120°
α2 =1∟240°

α*Ib = 10∟375.5 = 9.636 + j 2.672

α2*Ib = 10∟495.5 = -7.132 + j 7.009

α*Ic = 20∟271 = 0.349 - j 19.996

α2*Ic = 20∟391 = 17.143 + j 10.300
Ia0 = 1/3 (0.005 + j 0.015) = 0.00167 + j 0.005
Ia0 = 0.00527∟71.53°

Ia1 = 1/3 (Ia + α*Ib + α2*Ic)

Ia1 = 1/3 (46.779 + j 12.972) = 15.593 + j 4.324
Ia1 = 16.181∟15.49°

Ia2 = 1/3 (Ia + α*Ic + α2*Ib)

Ia2 = 1/3 (13.217 – j 12.987) = 4.405 – j 4.329
Ia2 = 6.176∟-44.50°

Component Ia Ib Ic
0.0527∟71.53° 0.0527∟71.53° 0.0527∟71.53°
0
0.00167 + j 0.005 0.00167 + j 0.005 0.00167 + j 0.005
16.181∟15.49° 16.181∟255.49° 16.181∟135.49°
1
15.593 + j 4.324 - 4.054 - j 15.664 -11.539 + j 11.343
6.176∟-44.5° 6.176∟75.5° 6.176∟195.5°
2
4.405 – j 4.329 1.546 + j 5.979 -5.951 – j 1.65
Final 19.999 + j 0 -2.506 – j 9.68 -17.488 + j 9.698
Actual 20 + j 0 - 2.503 – j 9.681 - 17.492 + j 9.696
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.5
A 30 MVA, 11 kV generator has Z1=Z2= j 0.2 pu, Z0 = j 0.05 pu. A L-G fault occurs
on the generator terminals. Find the current and line to line voltage during fault
condition. Assume generator neutral is solidly grounded and generator is
operating at no load and at rated voltage at the occurrence of the fault. Also find
the line currents for 3 phase fault.

Solution:
MVA b = 30

Z1=Z2= j 0.2 pu
Z0 = j 0.05 pu

Fault Type: - Single Line to Ground (L-G) with neutral solidly grounded.
Assumption: - Line a is connected to ground.
Sequence Network for L-G fault

All the sequences impedances are connected in Series.

Ea = 1∟0
Zf = 0 (no fault impedance)
Ia1 = 1∟0/(j 0.2 + j 0.2 + j 0.05)
Ia1 = - j 2.2222 pu = 2.2222∟-90°

Fault Current If = Ia = 3*Ia1 = - j 6.667 pu

Ibase = 30*103/√3*11
Ibase = 1574.591 amp

If actual = 10497.8 amp.= 10.5 kA

Va1 = E – Ia1*Z1
Va1 = (1+ j 0) – ((2.222∟-90)*(0.2 ∟90))
Va1 = (1+ j 0) – (0.444 + j 0)
Va1 = 0.556 pu

Va2 = - (Ia2*Z2)
Va2 = - ((2.222∟-90)*(0.2∟90))
Va2 = - 0.444 pu
Va0 = - (Ia0*Z0)
Va0 = - ((2.222∟-90)*(0.05∟90))
Va0 = - 0.111 pu

Vabc = [A] * Va012

Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2

Va = 0

α = 1∟120°
α2 =1∟240°

α*Va1 = 0.556∟120 = -0.278 + j 0.481

α2*Va1 = 0.556∟240 = - 0.278 – j 0.481

α*Va2 = - 0.444∟120 = 0.222 – j 0.384

α2*Va2 = -0.444∟240 = 0.222 + j 0.384

Vb = Va0 + α2*Va1 + α*Va2

Vb = -0.167 – j 0.865

Vc = Va0 + α*Va1 + α2*Va2

Vc = -0.167 + j 0.865

Line Voltages
Vab = Va – Vb
Vab = 0.167 + j 0.865
Vab = 0.88∟79° pu

Vbc = Vb – Vc
Vbc = - j 1.73
Vbc = 1.73∟-90° pu
Vca = Vc – Va
Vca = -0.167 + j 0.865
Vca = 0.88∟100.9° pu

Actual Line Voltages

Vab = 11* 0.88∟79° = 9.68 kV
Vbc = 11*1.73 = 19.03 kV
Vca = 11* 0.88∟100.9° = 9.68 kV

For 3 phase fault (L-L-L)

Ia = Ea / Z1
Ia = 1∟0°/ j 0.2
Ia = - j 5 pu
Ia actual = 5*1574.519
Ia actual = 7872.595 amp = 7.87 kA

5.6 (Tech Max 6-20)

A 3 phase 37.5 MVA, 33 kV alternator having X1= j 0.18 pu, X2 = j 0.12 pu and
X0 = j 0.1 pu based on its ratings is connected to a 33 kV overhead line having
X1= X2 = j 6.3Ω/ph and X0 = j 12.6Ω/ph. A single line to ground fault occurs at
remote end of the line. The alternator neutral is solidly grounded. Calculate fault
current.

Solution:
MVA base = 37.5
kV base = 33

Generator Reactance
Xg1 = j 0.18 pu
Xg2 = j 0.12 pu
Xg0 = j 0.1 pu

Transmission Line Reactance

XTL1 = j 6.3 Ω = j 0.216 pu
XTL2 = j 6.3 Ω = j 0.216 pu
XTL0 = j 12.6 Ω = j 0.433 pu
Total Reactance upto the fault point
X1 = j 0.396 pu
X2 = j 0.336 pu
X0 = j 0.533 pu

Fault Type: - Single Line to Ground (L-G)

Assumption: - Line a is connected to ground.
Sequence Network for L-G fault

All the sequences impedances are connected in Series.

Ea = 1∟0
Zf = 0 (no fault impedance)
Ia1 = 1∟0/ (j 0.396 + j 0.336 + j 0.533)
Ia1 = - j 0.790 pu = 0.79∟-90°

Fault Current If = Ia = 3*Ia1 = - j 2.37 pu

Ibase = 37.5*103/√3*33
Ibase = 656.08 amp
If actual = 1554.9 amp. = 1.55 kA
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.7
A 30 MVA, 11 kV generator has Z1=Z2= j 0.2 pu, Z0 = j 0.05 pu. A L-L fault occurs
on the generator terminals. Find the current and line to line voltage during fault
condition. Assume generator neutral is solidly grounded and generator is
operating at no load and at rated voltage at the occurrence of the fault. Also find
the line currents for 3 phase fault.
Solution:
MVA b = 30, kVb = 11
Z1=Z2= j 0.2 pu
Z0 = j 0.05 pu

Fault Type: - Line to Line (L-L)

Assumption: - Line b and c are shorted.

Sequence Network for L-L fault

Z1 and Z2 are connected in series. Z0 is not connected.

Ia1 = Ea / (Z1 + Z2)

Ia1 = 1∟0° / j 0.2 + j 0.2
Ia1 = - j 2.5 pu = 2.5 ∟-90° pu

Ibase = 30*103 / √3*11

Ibase = 1574.591 amp

Ifault = -j√3*Ia1 = 4.33 pu

Ifault = 6818 amp = 6.81 kA

Va1 = Va2= E – Ia1*Z1

Va1 = (1+ j 0) – ((2.5∟-90)*(0.2 ∟90))
Va1 = (1+ j 0) – (0.5 + j 0)
Va1 = 0.5 pu

Va0 = 0 (L-L fault)

Vabc = [A] * Va012

Line to Neutral Voltage (ph)

Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2

Va = 11/√3 = 6.35 kV

α = 1∟120°
α2 =1∟240°

Vb = Va0 + α2*Va1 + α*Va2 = -0.5 pu

Vb = (- 0.5)*11//√3 =- 3.175 kV

Vc = Va0 + α*Va1 + α2*Va2 = -0.5 pu

Vc = (- 0.5)*11//√3 =- 3.175 kV
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.8 (UOP 4063-256)
A delta connected load is connected across an unbalanced three phase supply as
shown. Find symmetrical components of all line currents and phase currents.

5.9 (UOP 4363-166) (Soni Gupta Bhatnagar-514)

Three 6.6 kV, 10 MVA 3 phase synchronous generators are connected to common
bus bar. Each machine has X1=20 %, X2=15 % and X0=6 %. If an L-G fault occurs
on bus bar, determine fault current if (i) all generator neutrals are solidly
grounded. (ii) One of the generators neutral is grounded through a resistance of
0.06 pu and others are isolated.
Solution:
MVAbase = 10
kVb = 6.6

for single generator

X1 = j 0.2 pu
X2 = j 0.15 pu
X0 = j 0.06 pu

Case I : - All generator neutrals are solidly grounded.

For all the generators connected in parallel

X1(total) = 1/20 = j 0.05 pu
X2(total) = 1/15 = j 0.0667 pu
X0 (total) = 1/50 = j 0.02 pu

Fault Type: - Single Line to Ground (L-G)

Assumption: - Line a is connected to ground.

Sequence Network for L-G fault

All the sequences impedances are connected in Series.

Ea = 1∟0
Zf = 0 (no fault impedance)
Ia1 = 1∟0/ (j 0.0666 + j 0.05 + j 0.02)
Ia1 = - j 7.3206 pu = 7.3206∟-90°

Fault Current If = Ia = 3*Ia1 = - j 21.961 pu

Ibase = 10*103/√3*6.6
Ibase = 874.773 amp

If actual = 19210 amp.= 19.21 kA

Case II: - One of the generators neutral is grounded through a resistance of

0.06 pu and others are isolated.

for single generator

X1 = j 0.2 pu
X2 = j 0.15 pu
X0 = j 0.06 pu

For all the generators connected in parallel

X1(total) = j 1/15 = j 0.0666 pu

X2(total) = j 1/20 = j 0.05 pu
X0 (total) = j 1/50 + (3 *0.06) = 0.18 + j 0.02 pu

Fault Type: - Single Line to Ground (L-G)

Assumption: - Line a is connected to ground.

Sequence Network for L-G fault

All the sequences impedances are connected in Series.

Ea = 1∟0
Zf = 0 (no fault impedance)
Ia1 = 1∟0/ (0.18 + (j 0.0666 + j 0.05 + j 0.02))
Ia1 = 1∟0/ (0.18 + j 0.1366) = 1∟0/(0.2259∟37.19)
Ia1 = 4.425 ∟- 37.19° pu

Fault Current If = Ia = 3*Ia1 = 13.275 pu

Ibase = 10*103/√3*6.6
Ibase = 874.773 amp
If actual = 11612.611 amp = 11.61 kA
5.10 (UOP 4363-166) (Soni Gupta Bhatnagar- 510)
A 15 MVA, 6.9 kV star connected generator has positive, negative and zero
sequence reactance are 25 %, 25 % and 8 % respectively. A reactor with 6 %
reactance based on generator rating is used to ground the neutral of the
generator. Calculate fault current in each phase in case of
(1) L-L fault (2) L-L-G fault

Solution: -
MVA base = 15
kV base = 6.9

X1 = j 0.25 pu
X2 = j 0.25 pu
X0 = j 0.08 + j (3*0.06) = j 0.26 pu

Case I: Fault Type: - Line to Line (L-L)

Assumption: - Line b and c are shorted.

Sequence Network for L-L fault

Z1 and Z2 are connected in series. Z0 is not connected.

Ia1 = Ea / (Z1 + Z2)
Ia1 = 1∟0° / j 0.25 + j 0.25
Ia1 = - j 2 pu = 2 ∟-90° pu

Ibase = 15*103 / √3*6.9

Ibase = 1255.109 amp

Ifault = -j√3*Ia1 = - j 3.464 pu

Ifault = 4347 amp = 4.34 kA
Case II: - Fault Type: - Double Line to Ground (L-L-G)
Assumption: - Line b and c are shorted.

Sequence Network for L-L-G fault

X1 = j 0.25 pu
X2 = j 0.25 pu
X0 = j 0.08 + j (3*0.06) = j 0.26 pu

Ibase = 15*103 / √3*6.9

Ibase = 1255.109 amp

Z2//Z0 = (j 0.25 // j 0.26) = j 0.1274 pu

Ia1 = 1∟0°/(j 0.25 + j 0.1274)
Ia1 = - j 2.649 pu = 2.649 ∟-90° = - j 3324 amp

Ia2 = - Ia1*(X0/(X0+X2)) = (2.649 ∟-90°)*(0.509 ∟0°)

Ia2 = j 1.348 pu = j 1691 amp

Ia0 =- (Ia1 – Ia2) = j 1.301 pu = j 1632 amp

Ib1 = α2*Ia1 = 2.649 ∟150° = - 2.294 + j 1.324

Ib2 = α*Ia2 = 1.348 ∟210° = -1.167 – j 0.674
Ib0 = Ia0 = 0 + j 1.301

Ib = Ib0 + Ib1 + Ib2

Ib = - 3.461 + j 1.951
Ib = 3.973 ∟150.58° pu = 4986 amp
Ic1 = α*Ia1 = 2.649 ∟30° = 2.294 + j 1.324
Ic2 = α2*Ia2 = 1.348 ∟330° = 1.167 – j 0.674
Ic0 = Ia0 = 0 + j 1.301

Ic = Ic0 + Ic1 + Ic2

Ic = 3.461 + j 1.951
Ic = 3.973 ∟29.41° pu = 4986 amp

Ifault = Ib + Ic = 9972 amp = 9.97 kA

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.11 (UOP 3963-266)
The original set of voltage phasors Va = 4, Vb = 3∟-90°, Vc = 8∟143.1° volts. Find
all the voltage components for positive, negative and zero sequence systems.

Solution: -
Va = 4∟0° = 4 + j0
Vb = 3∟-90° = 0 – j 3
Vc = 8∟143.1° = -6.397 + j 4.803

Va012 = [A]-1*Vabc

Va0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc)

Va1 = 1/3 (Va + α*Vb + α2*Vc)
Va2 = 1/3 (Va + α2*Vb + α*Vc)

α = 1∟120°
α2 =1∟240°

α*Vb = 3∟30 = 2.598 + j 1.5

α2*Vb = 3∟150 = -2.598 + j 1.5

α*Vc = 8∟263.1 = -0.961 – j 7.942

α2*Vc = 8∟383.1 = 7.358 + j 3.138
Va0 = 1/3 (-2.397 + j 1.803) = - 0.799 + j 0.601
Va0 = 1∟143.04°

Va1 = 1/3 (Va + α*Vb + α2*Vc)

Va1 = 1/3 (13.956 + j 4.638) = 4.652 + j 1.546
Va1 = 4.902∟18.38°

Va2 = 1/3 (Va + α*Vc + α2*Vb)

Va2 = 1/3 (0.441 – j 6.442) = 0.147 – j 2.147
Va2 = 2.152∟-86.08°

Component Va Vb Vc
1∟143.04° 1∟143.04° 1∟143.04°
0
- 0.799 + j 0.601 - 0.799 + j 0.601 - 0.799 + j 0.601
4.902∟18.38° 4.902∟258.38° 4.902∟138.38°
1
4.652 + j 1.546 -0.987 – j 4.801 - 3.664 + j 3.255
2.152∟-86.08° 2.152∟33.92° 2.152∟153.92°
2
0.147 – j 2.147 1.785 + j 1.2 -1.932 + j 0.946
Final 4+j0 -0.001 – j 3 -6.395 + j 4.802
Actual 4+j0 0–j3 -6.397 + j 4.803
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.12 (UOP 3963-266) (Tech Max 6-17)
A power system when subjected to different types of fault at a location where
actual values were 30 MVA and 120 kV. The fault currents observed are

Fault Type Fault current in Amps

Three phase fault (L-L-L) 988
L-G fault 1203
L-L fault 856

Find pu equivalent positive, negative and zero sequence reactance at the fault
point. Consider actual and base values of MVA and kV same at fault point.

Solution:
Vph = 69282.032 volt
(1) For L-L-L fault
Fault Current (If) = Vph / X1
X1 = 70.123 Ω

(2) For L-L fault

Fault Current (If) = √3*Vph / (X1+X2)
X1 + X2 = 140.186 Ω
X2 = 70.063 Ω

(3) For L-G fault

Fault Current (If) = 3*Vph / (X1+X2+X3)
X1 + X2 + X0 = 172.773 Ω
X0 = 32.587 Ω

I base = 30*103 / √3*120 = 144.337 amp

X base = V base (ph) / I base = 480 Ω

X1 pu = 0.146 pu
X2 pu = 0.145 pu
X0 pu = 0.067 pu
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.13 (UOP 4163-256)
The line to neutral voltages in a three phase system are Van = 200∟0°, Vbn =
600∟100°, Vcn = 400∟270°. Find the symmetrical components of the voltages.

Solution:
Va = 200∟0° = 200 + j 0
Vb = 600∟100° = -100 + j 590.884
Vc = 400∟270° = 0 – j 400

Va012 = [A]-1*Vabc
Va0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc)
Va1 = 1/3 (Va + α*Vb + α2*Vc)
Va2 = 1/3 (Va + α2*Vb + α*Vc)

α = 1∟120°, α2 =1∟240°

α*Vb = 600∟220 = -459.626 – j 385.672

α2*Vb = 600∟340 = 563.815 – j 205.212

α*Vc = 400∟390 = 364.410 + j 200

α2*Vc = 400∟510 = -346.410 + j 200

Va0 = 1/3 (100 + j 190.884) = 33.333 + j 63.628

Va0 = 71.83∟62.35°

Va1 = 1/3 (Va + α*Vb + α2*Vc)

Va1 = 1/3 (-606.036 – j 185.672) = -202.012 – j 61.89
Va1 = 211.279∟-163°

Va2 = 1/3 (Va + α*Vc + α2*Vb)

Va2 = 1/3 (1128.225 – j 5.212) = 376.075 – j 1.737
Va2 = 376.079∟-0.26°

Component Va Vb Vc
71.83∟62.35° 71.83∟62.35° 71.83∟62.35°
0
33.333 + j 63.628 33.333 + j 63.628 33.333 + j 63.628
211.279∟-163° 211.279∟77° 211.279∟-43°
1
-202.012 – j 61.89 47.527 + j 205.863 154.519 – j 144.091
376.079∟-0.26° 376.079∟119.74° 376.079∟239.74°
2
376.075 – j 1.737 -186.559 + j 326.543 -189.515 – j 324.837
Final 207.396 + j 0.001 -105.699 + j 596.034 - 1.663 – j 405.3
Actual 200 + j 0 -100 + j 590.884 0 – j 400
5.14 (UOP 4163-256)
A three phase generator A having positive, negative and zero sequence
reactances of j 0.3, j 0.2, j 0.05 pu respectively has an earthed neutral. It feeds a
three phase line through a transformer T1. The transformer has X1= X2 = X0
= j 0.12 pu and is connected in star - star with both neutrals earthed. For the line
X1= X2= j 0.15 pu and X0= j 0.35 pu. The other end of the line is connected to
transformer T2 having X1 = X2 = X0 = j 0.1 pu. The generator B feeds T2. The
positive, negative and zero sequence reactance of generator B are j 0.3, j 0.2,
j 0.05 pu respectively has an earthed neutral. The transformer T2 is also
connected in star-star with both neutrals earthed. Find currents flowing into the
fault from the three lines for double line to ground fault, occurs on secondary of
T1. Find fault current in pu. All generators are on same base.

Solution:

Device X1 pu X2 pu X0 pu
Generator A j 0.3 j 0.2 j 0.05
Transformer T1 j 0.12 j 0.12 j 0.12
Transmission Line j 0.15 j 0.15 j 0.35
Transformer T2 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1
Generator B j 0.3 j 0.2 j 0.05

Sequence Network for L-L-G fault

Sequence Reactance Calculation

1) Positive Sequence Reactance (X1)

X1 (total) = Xga1+Xt11+XTL1+Xt21+Xgb1
X1 (total) = j 0.97 pu

2) Negative Sequence Reactance (X2)

X2 (total) = Xga2+Xt12+XTL2+Xt22+Xgb2
X1 (total) = j 0.77 pu

3) Zero Sequence Reactance (X0)

X0 (total) = 0

From Sequence Network

Ia1 = Ea/ (Z1+Z2) Zf = 0 and Z0 = 0

Ia1 = 1∟0 / (j 1.74)
Ia1 = - j 0.574 pu = 0.574 ∟-90°

Ia2 = - Ia1 = j 0.574 pu = 0.574 ∟90°

Ia0 = 0

Ib1 = α2*Ia1 = 0.574∟150° = - 0.497 + j 0.287

Ib2 = α*Ia2 = 0.574 ∟210° = - 0.497 – j 0.287
Ib0 = Ia0 = 0

Ib = Ib0 + Ib1 + Ib2

Ib = - 0.994 + j 0
Ib = 0.994 ∟-90° pu

Ic1 = α*Ia1 = 0.574 ∟30° = 0.497 + j 0.287

Ic2 = α2*Ia2 = 0.574 ∟330° = 0.497 – j 0.287
Ic0 = Ia0 = 0
Ic = Ic0 + Ic1 + Ic2
Ic = 0.994 + j 0
Ic = 0.994 ∟90° pu

Ifault = Ib + Ic = 0

5.15 (UOP May 2015)

A 20 MVA 11 kV star connected synchronous generator is operated at no load and
at rated voltage. If X1 = X2 = 12 % and X0 = 6 % estimate
(1) Reactance Xn to limit SLG fault current if the ratio of SLG fault current to
three phase short circuit current is 1.
(2) L-L-G fault current with Xn in neutral grounding circuit.

Data Given:
Generator – Star connection
Pout = 20 MVA, V (line) = 11 kV , X1 = X2 = 12%, X0 = 6%
If (SLG) / If (SC) = 1

Solution:
If (SC) = E / X1 = 1/ 0.12 = 8.333 pu
If (SLG) = 3E / (X1+X2+X0) +3Xn = 8.333
3Xn = 0.06
Xn = 0.02 pu

LLG Fault equivalent circuit

X0+3Xn = 0.12 pu
X2 = 0.12 pu
X1 = 0.12 pu
Ia1 = - j 5.55 pu
Ia0 = Ia1 *(0.12/0.24) = - j 2.777 pu
If = 3*Ia0 = 8.333 pu
Ibase = 20*103 / √3*11 = 1049.727 amp
If actual = 8747.375 amp