Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches
Devices for Efficient Power Conversion
Switches
Inductors
Transformers
Capacitors

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches

Switch is a Bistable Circuit Element

OFF State
&
ON State

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches
T

Simple Switch has Two Terminals

Pole
&
Throw

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches
T

In the OFF State

Pole & Throw are Isolated from Each Other

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches
T

In the ON State
Pole & Throw are Connected to Each Other

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches
T
IOFF = 0
P

In the OFF State

Current through the Switch is Zero

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches
T
VON = 0
P

In the ON State
Voltage Across the Switch is Zero

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switch Primary Characteristics
T

T
IOFF = 0

VON = 0

In the OFF State: IOFF = 0

In the ON State: VON = 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switch
T

T
VOFF = ?

ION = ?

In the OFF State: VOFF = ?

In the ON State: ION = ?

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switch OFF State
VG

T
VOFF = VG

IOFF = 0
P

In the OFF State: IOFF = 0

In the OFF State: VOFF = VG

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switch ON State

VG

ION =
VG/R

T
VON = 0
P

In the ON State: VON = 0

In the ON State: ION = VG/R

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switch Ideal Performance
T
IOFF = 0

T
VOFF = ?

ION = ?

VON = 0
P

In the OFF State:

IOFF = 0 ; VOFF by External Circuit
In the ON State:
VON = 0 ; ION by External Circuit

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Ideal Switch In the VI Plane
T
I

T
V

V
P

I
OFF State

ON State
V

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Ideal Switch Power Loss
T
I

T
V

V
P

Power Loss in the Ideal Switch

Conduction Loss = VON*ION = 0
Blocking Loss = VOFF*IOFF = 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Ideal Switch Switching Performance
T
I

T
V

V
P

How Does the Switch Perform

in
Switching?
Time Taken to Switch!
Energy Needed to Switch!
Dependence on Environment!

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Ideal Switch Switching Performance
T
I

T
V

V
P

How Does the Switch Perform

in
Switching?
Energy Required to Remain On = EON = 0
Energy Required to Remain Off = EOFF = 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Ideal Switch Switching Performance
T
I

T
V

V
P

How Does the Switch Perform

in
Switching?
Time Taken to Turn On = TOFF/ON = 0
Time Taken to Turn Off = TON/OFF = 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Ideal Switch Switching Performance
T
I

T
V

V
P

How Does the Switch Perform

in
Switching?
Energy Consumed to Turn On = EOFF/ON = 0
Energy Consumed to Turn Off = EON/OFF = 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Ideal Switch Dependence on Ambient
T
I

T
V

V
P

Switch Performance
is
Independent of Ambient Conditions

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Compound Switch
T1

T2

P1

SPDT

Example: Single Pole Double Throw Switch

Made-up of Two Single Pole Single Throw Switches
Multiple Pole Multiple Throw Switches are Common

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Real Switch
T

T
IOFF 0

VON 0

In the OFF State: IOFF 0

In the ON State: VON 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Real Switch Power Loss
T
I

T
V

V
P

Power Loss in the Real Switch

Conduction Loss = VON*ION 0
Blocking Loss = VOFF*IOFF 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Real Switch In the VI Plane
T
I

T
V

V
P

I
OFF State

ON State
V

Switched Mode Power Conversion

A Sample Real Switch Diode

I
OFF State

ON State
V

Diode
ON Switch for I > 0
OFF Switch for V < 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

A Sample Real Switch Diode

I
OFF State

ON State
V

Single Quadrant Switch

Uncontrolled Switch

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Diode Typical Datasheet

I
Blocking

Conduction
V

20ETS Diodes

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Diode Percentage Loss

I
Blocking

Conduction
V

Conduction Loss : (1.1V/20A) 22 W @ 25 C

Blocking Loss : (0.1mA/800V) 0.8 W @ 25 C
Blocking Loss is Invariably Negligible
True for All Switching Devices

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Diode Temperature Co-efficient of VON

I
Blocking

Conduction
V

Conduction Drop
1.0V/10A @ 25C ; 0.9V/10A @ 150C
20ETS Diodes
Caution is Required in Parallel Operation

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Diode A Simple Application

VO
t

AC/DC Rectifier

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Another Real Switch SCR
I
Reverse Blocking

Forward Conduction
V
Forward Blocking

SCR
ON Switch for I > 0
OFF Switch for V < 0 ; V > 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Another Real Switch SCR
I
Reverse Blocking

Forward Conduction
V
Forward Blocking

SCR
Two Quadrant Switch
Semicontrolled Switch

Switched Mode Power Conversion

SCR Data Sheet
I
Reverse Blocking

Forward Conduction
V
Forward Blocking

SCR

Switched Mode Power Conversion

SCR Data Sheet
I
Reverse Blocking

Forward Conduction
V
Forward Blocking

Conduction Loss : (1.7V/32A) 54 W @ 25 C

Blocking Loss : (2 mA/400V) 0.8 W @ 25 C
Blocking Losses or Invariably Negligible
True for All Switching Devices

Switched Mode Power Conversion

SCR A Simple Application
VO

VO
t

Controlled AC/DC Rectifier

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Diode & SCR Short Circuit Protection
F

20ETS Diodes

SCR

For Satisfactory Protection

Fuse I2t < Device I2t

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Power Device Thermal Protection
C

20ETS Diodes
SCR
Device is Mounted on a Case C
RTH(JC)*P = J C
RTH(JC) : Thermal Resistance
P : Power Dissipation in Device
J : Junction Temperature
C : Case Temperature

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Thermal Protection An Example
C

20ETS Diodes
Device is Mounted on a Case C
RTH(JC)*P = J C
RTH(JC) : 1.3 C/W
P : 22 W
J : 125 C
C : ? = 96.4 C

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Diode Dynamic Performance

I
tRR
IRM

t
Qrr

RHRG
IRM = tA * dIF/dt = 5 A

Switched Mode Power Conversion

A Fully Controlled Switch BJT
ON State
I
Active State
V
OFF State

BJT
ON Switch for I > 0
OFF Switch for V > 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

A Fully Controlled Switch BJT
ON State
I
Active State
V
OFF State

BJT
Single Quadrant Switch
Fully Controlled Switch
Current Controlled Switch

Switched Mode Power Conversion

BJT Data Sheet
IC
IB

ON State
I
Active State
V
OFF State

BJT
VCE(sat) : 1.5 V @ IC = 10 A, IB = 2 A
RTH(JC) : 1C/W
ICEX : 2 mA

Switched Mode Power Conversion

A Fully Controlled Switch MOSFET
G

ON State
I
Active State
V

S
OFF State

MOSFET
ON Switch for I > 0 & I < 0
OFF Switch for V > 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

A Fully Controlled Switch MOSFET
G

ON State
I
Active State
V

S
OFF State

MOSFET
Two Quadrant Switch
Fully Controlled Switch
Voltage Controlled Switch

Switched Mode Power Conversion

MOSFET Data Sheet
G

ON State
I
Active State
V

S
OFF State

MOSFET
RDS(on) : 0.05 @ ID = 16 A, VGS = 10 V
RTH(JC) : 1.6C/W
ICEX : 250 A

Switched Mode Power Conversion

A Fully Controlled Switch IGBT

ON State
I
Active State
V

E
OFF State

IGBT
ON Switch for I > 0 & I < 0
OFF Switch for V > 0

Switched Mode Power Conversion

A Fully Controlled Switch IGBT

ON State
I
Active State
V

E
OFF State

IGBT
Two Quadrant Switch
Fully Controlled Switch
Voltage Controlled Switch

Switched Mode Power Conversion

IGBT Data Sheet

ON State
I
Active State
V

E
OFF State

IGBT
VCE(sat) : 3.5 V @ IC = 30 A, VGE = 15 V
RTH(JC) : 0.6C/W
ICEX : 4 mA

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Compound Switches
I
OFF State

ON State
V

Anti-parallel SCRs
Four Quadrant Switch
Semicontrolled Switch
Pulse Triggered Switch

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Compound Switches
I
OFF State
C

E E
G

ON State

C
G

Anti-parallel MOSFET/IGBTs
Four Quadrant Switch
Fully Controlled Switch
Voltage Controlled Switch

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Characteristics Controlled Switch
G

S
V

Delay Time
VC

Rise Time

MOSFET Turn-On
Turn-on delay time (td)
Rise time (tr)
In time tr, Switch voltage drops linearly to zero

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Characteristics Controlled Switch
G

S
I
VC

Delay Time

Fall Time

MOSFET Turn-Off
Turn-off delay time (td)
Fall time (tf)
In time tf, Switch current drops linearly to zero

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Characteristics Controlled Switch
D

S
td

Rise Time

tr

MOSFET Turn-On Resistive Load

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Characteristics Controlled Switch
D

td

Fall Time

tf

MOSFET Turn-Off Resistive Load

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Characteristics Data Sheet
G

S
td
V

td

I
tf

tr

MOSFET

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Characteristics
D

S
= CV/tr

V
I

I
t

tr

Turn-On of Capacitive Load

Over-current in Turn-On

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Characteristics
D

S
= LI/tf
I
V

tf

Turn-Off of Inductive Load

Over-voltage in Turn-Off

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Stress
G

Preferred Load
Inductive Turn-On & Capacitive Turn-Off
Switching-Aid Circuits
(Snubber Circuits)
Exploit this Feature

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Aid Circuit
RO

LO

DO
DF

RF
CF

Strategy for Reducing Switching Stress

LO, RO, DO, form Turn-On Aid Circuit
LF, RF, DF, form Turn-Off Aid Circuit

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching V-I Characteristice
RO

LO

DO
DF

RF
CF

td
V

V
tr

td

I
V

I
tf

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Other Fully Controlled Switches Data Sheet
IC
IB

BJT

MOSFET

IGBT

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Aid Circuit Sample Design
RO

LO

DO
DF

RF
CF

Switching Voltage & Current

400 V, 15 A
Switching Time
400 ns

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Aid Circuit Sample Design
RO

LO

DO
DF

RF
CF

Apparent Switching Loss

400*15*0.4 J
2.4 mJ per switching

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Turn-On Snubber Design

RO

LO

DO

400V
DF

15A

RF
CF

4A
0.4s

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Turn-On Snubber Design
LO = (0.5 400 0.4s)/4 = 20 H
Switching loss = (400 4 0.4 s)/12
0.053 mJ per switching
Select LO/RO to be much less than TON
RO

LO

DO

400V
DF

15A

RF
CF

4A
0.4s

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Aid Circuit Sample Design
RO

LO

DO
DF

RF
CF

Switching Voltage & Current

400 V, 15 A
Switching Time
800 ns

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switching Aid Circuit Sample Design
RO

LO

DO
DF

RF
CF

Apparent Switching Loss

400*15*0.8 J
4.8 mJ per switching

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Turn-Off Snubber Design

RO

LO

400V

DO

15A
DF

RF
CF

100V

V
0.8s

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Turn-Off Snubber Design
CO = (0.5 15 0.8s)/100 = 0.06 F
Switching loss = (15 100 0.8 s)/12
0.01 mJ per switching
Select CFRF to be much less than TOFF
RO

LO

400V

DO

15A
DF

RF
CF

100V

V
0.8s

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches Summary
Ideal Switch
Lossless Operation
Instantaneous Operation
Four Quadrant Operation

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches Summary
Ideal Switch
Lossless, Instantaneous, Four Quadrant
Real Switches
Uncontrolled Switch Diode
Semicontrolled Switch SCR
Controlled Switch BJT, MOSFET, IGBT
Single & Multiquadrant Switches
Losses & Thermal Design

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches Summary
Ideal Switch
Lossless, Instantaneous
Real Switches
Diode, SCR, BJT, MOSFET, IGBT
Single & Multiquadrant Switches
Losses & Thermal Design
Protection
Fuse Protection Diodes & SCRs
Through Driver BJT, MOSFET, IGBT

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Switches Summary
Ideal Switch
Lossless, Instantaneous
Real Switches
Diode, SCR, BJT, MOSFET, IGBT
Single & Multiquadrant Switches
Losses & Thermal Design
Protection
Fuse Protection Diodes & SCRs
Through Driver BJT, MOSFET, IGBT
Switching Transients
Switching Aid Circuit