Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

Scribd
Upload
60 views14 pages

Physics I Class 10: Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy

This physics document discusses potential energy and conservation of energy. It begins with a review of work, defining work as a force acting over a distance. It then discusses work in multiple dimensions using a work integral. Conservative forces are introduced as fundamental forces where work is path independent. Examples of conservative and non-conservative forces are given. The work-energy theorem is presented, separating work into conservative and non-conservative components. Potential energy is then defined based on conservative work to simplify the theorem. Examples of gravitational and spring potential energy are provided. Finally, conservation of mechanical energy is discussed for systems where only conservative forces are present.

Uploaded by

Kevin Lyman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
60 views14 pages

Physics I Class 10: Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy

This physics document discusses potential energy and conservation of energy. It begins with a review of work, defining work as a force acting over a distance. It then discusses work in multiple dimensions using a work integral. Conservative forces are introduced as fundamental forces where work is path independent. Examples of conservative and non-conservative forces are given. The work-energy theorem is presented, separating work into conservative and non-conservative components. Potential energy is then defined based on conservative work to simplify the theorem. Examples of gravitational and spring potential energy are provided. Finally, conservation of mechanical energy is discussed for systems where only conservative forces are present.

Uploaded by

Kevin Lyman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Physics I

Class 10

Potential Energy and


Conservation of Energy

09-1

Work (Review)
When a force does positive work on an object it's kinetic energy
increases.
When a force does negative work on an object it's kinetic energy
decreases.
Work is a scalar.
For a constant force:



W F d F d cos( ) Fx d x Fy d y Fz d z

For a varying forces in one dimension:


xf

W F dx
xi

09-2

Work Integral in
Multiple Dimensions
In multiple dimensions,
the work integral looks like this:

xf

W F dx
xi

Writing this as a dot product means I must pick a path to integrate


over.

dx

xi

path of integration

xf

09-3

Conservative Forces
Forces that accompany complex processes have work integrals that depend on
the path chosen; they are non-conservative forces.
All fundamental forces of nature have work integrals that DO NOT depend on
the path; they are conservative forces.
For a conservative force the work done along any closed path is
exactly zero.

xi

W Fcons dx

xi

Fcons dx 0

09-4

Examples
Examples of Conservative Forces:
Gravity
Ideal Spring (Hookes Law)
Electrostatic Force (later in the semester)
Examples of Non-Conservative Forces:
Muscle Contraction
Friction
Mechanical Engines

09-5

Work-Energy Theorem
Since conservative work integrals are easy to calculate, lets
separate those in the work-energy theorem:
Wnon Wconsv K final Kinitial
Wnon ( K final Kinitial ) Wconsv

Here Wconsv is the work done by all conservative forces when the
object moves from the initial position to the final position.
Things on the right involve only position and speed!
Time does not appear anywhere!
09-6

Potential Energy
Wnon ( K final Kinitial ) Wconsv

We can make this easier to remember by defining the potential


energy function, U, for the conservative force. Since the work
integral is independent of the path, we choose a straight line:
final
U F dx
initial

Now the work-energy theorem reads:

W
( K K ) (U U )
non
f
i
f
i
09-7

Potential Energy
Features of Potential Energy:

Scalar

Arbitrary zero

For known Fcon, we can calculate U once and use it in many


different problems.

09-8

Examples
Gravitational Potential Energy :
y

grav

( mg )dy ' mgh


0

ie. pick yi 0 for convenience


Ideal Spring :
x

1
( kx ')dx ' kx 2
spring
2
0
ie. pick xi 0 at equilibrium

09-9

Conservation of Energy
When the work done by non-conservative forces is
negligible, the work-energy theorem gives us a
conservation law:
0 ( K f K i ) (U f U i )
Mechanical Energy K U constant

Later we will see how to retain this principle of physics


by cataloging other forms of energy.
09-10

Ex) Solve distance an object roles


up a ramp
Soln: d

h
sin( )

We need h.
Energy Conservation:
1
2

m v2 0 0 m g h
2

v
So, h
2g

initial:

final:

K 0
U mgh

K 12 m v 2
U 0
v

Substitute above to get,


v2
d
2 g sin( )
09-11

Take-Away Concepts
1.

Multi-dimensional
form of work integral:

xf

W
2.
3.


F dx

xi

Conservative force.
final

Potential Energy:
U Fconsv dx
initial

Ug m g h

4.

Gravity:

5.
6.

Spring:
U s 2 k x2
Conservation of energy (only conservative forces present):

K U or | K U 0 |

09-12

Problems of the Day


2. A marble with mass 5 g is placed on a vertical spring that has
been compressed 5 cm from its equilibrium position. The spring
constant is 196 N/m. Neglecting friction, air resistance, and the
mass of the spring, how high does the marble go when the spring is
released, counting the marbles position on the compressed spring
as zero height? Use g = 9.8 N/kg.
Hint: Make sure you use consistent units.

09-13

Activity 10
Objective of the Activity:
1.
2.

Use LoggerPro to study mechanical energy in a


simple system.
Consider how kinetic energy, potential energy,
and total mechanical energy vary with position.

09-14

You might also like