LEADERS IN IP CCTV TECHNOLOGY

Contents

Analogue CCTV System Architecture

Components Basic IP CCTV System
Possible additional Components of a system
Bandwidth
Compression Methods
Transmitting Data
IP Addressing
Using Power over Ethernet
IR Illumination and Megapixel Cameras
Remote Viewing
Closed Circuit v Open Circuit

Analogue CCTV System

Coax Cable
Controller to DVR
Telemetry Data Cable
Camera Power

EIM

Components of a Basic IP CCTV System

Fixed Cameras (IP)

Ethernet cable (Cat5e/Cat6)

Network Video Recorder

PoE Switch
(Power over Ethernet)
PTZ Dome Cameras (IP)

IP CCTV Cameras
Types of camera
Standard Resolution (720 x 576) approx
MegaPixel (1280x1024 and upwards)
Static

MiniDome
PTZ Dome
Colour
Day / Night, with and without IRs

1800 and 3600

With and Without Power over Ethernet Capability

The Network Switch

Networking switch directs traffic across the LAN, enabling the network

devices to talk to each other and share resources.

There are Managed Switches which have the capability to be configured
through a web browser connection.
There are Unmanaged Switches which have no configuration capabilities.
The speed (bandwidth) of the switch is either 10 mega bits per second
(Mbps), 100 Mbps or 1,000 Mbps (1 Gigabit ). The speed refers to how
many bits per second that the switch can receive and subsequently forward
on to the destination.
There will need to be 1 available port, per device connected to the switch

Recording the Images

A Dedicated Network Video Recorder (NVR) will be required.
PC based, on a Microsoft Operating System (OS) or sometimes a

Linux OS.
The number of recordable IP cameras is usually licensed. Additional
licences are then bought as the system expands.
There will be a maximum number of cameras per NVR, depending
upon the codec being used for recording, the frame rate and
resolution, of each camera.
The amount of on-board storage will differ between NVRs. Record
duration will depend upon picture activity, the codec being used, the
frame rate and the resolution per camera.
Hybrids are available that record both IP and Analogue cameras

The Cable

The Cable will be Cat 5E or Cat 6 Network Cable

Max distance between the Switch and the Device (camera, NVR etc) is
100m

Basic Architecture
100m max between the switch and the device
This is an example of a Local Area Network (LAN)

Extended Architecture
For larger systems where a cable run of 100m is insufficient.

Possible Additional Equipment

Network
Attached Storage
Additional Storage
Direct Connection
Fixed Camera

Cable

Network
Switch

PTZ Dome Camera

Network Video Recorder

Encoder

Analogue
camera

Additional Storage
Extended Storage options will depend upon the NVR being

used
Storage will either be connected directly to the NVR, or be

across the Network

When using direct connection storage the connection could be

by fibre or direct Cat 5E/6 cable connection.

Fibre connection, whilst more money, offers a faster

throughput.

On-Board & Additional Storage

The amount of storage required will depend upon the

following:
The number of days required to keep video
The number of cameras
The frames per second per camera

The resolution per camera

The codec being used, per camera

The storage requirement must be calculated by the

Network Video Recorder Calculator.

On-Board & Additional Storage

Example of a 30 camera system, using on-board storage, with cameras at

various frame rates and codecs

Network Bandwidth
The capacity for transferring data over a network is measured in bits

per second (bps), or some multiple thereof, such as: Kilobits per second (Kbps),
Megabits per second (Mbps),
Gigabits per second (Gbps),
Terabits per second (Tbps).

How much information you can send across a network and how fast

you can send it is determined by the available bandwidth in the

network

Bandwidth
The Bandwidth required per Camera will depend upon

the following:
The resolution of the picture being streamed

The compression method (CODEC) being used by the camera (M-JPEG,

MPEG4 or H.264)
The amount of movement in the scene (MPEG4 or H.264)
The frames per second being streamed.

Bandwidth Camera Resolutions

CCTV Codecs (Compress Decompress)

Captured images can be streamed as: Motion JPEG
MPEG-4
H.264
The available codecs depend upon the camera not all

cameras support all codecs.

The network video recorder must support the same codec(s) as
the camera.

MJPEG
With the Motion JPEG format, the three images in the

sequence below are coded and sent as separate unique images

(I-frames) with no dependencies on each other.

MPEG-4 & H.264 Codecs

Video compression algorithms such as MPEG-4 and H.264 use

interframe prediction to reduce video data between a series of

frames

Codec Bandwidth Comparison

H.264 encoder can, without compromising image quality,

reduce the size of a digital video file by more than 80%

compared with the Motion JPEG format and as much as 50%
more than with the MPEG-4 standard

Comparing Codecs

A Network in Use
The Transmission of Data (Transmission Control

Protocol TCP/IP) recorded delivery

Recorded delivery effects

bandwidth.
Estimate about 40% of the
capacity of the switch

Bandwidth Usage

This configuration
would probably
choke a 100Mbs
network

IP Addressing
An IP Address is required for every camera, network

video recorder, network attached storage, encoder etc.,

that is on the network
This is an example of an IP address

192.

168.

1.

Dotted decimal Notation

100

IP Addressing
Addresses can be assigned manually

IP Addressing
IP addresses can be assigned automatically (DHCP

Dynamic Host Communication Protocol)

IP Addressing
DHCP simplifies the transfer of data by assigning dynamic

IP addresses (temporary addresses that are created anew

for each transmission) to devices on the network.
DHCP keeps track of both dynamic and static IP

addresses, saving the network administrator the trouble of

manually assigning an IP address each time a new device
is added to the network.

Example of IP Addressing

IP Addressing
All devices need to be in the same Network

address range, pertinent to the class of network

When IP addresses are assigned manually, you

will have to ask the Network Administrator for the

following:
i) Subnet Mask
ii) Default Gateway

IP Addressing
Classes of Networks

Network ID
Class A

Host ID

10

116

24

Network ID
Class B

172

77

Host ID
167

71

103

The Network ID is the network range

Network ID
Class C

192

168

Host ID
146

99

Using PoE
Power over Ethernet
Requires a minimum of cat 5 cable

IEEE 802.3af-2003 PoE standard provides up to 15.4 W of DC power

IEEE 802.3at-2009 PoE standard, also known as PoE+ or PoE plus,

provides up to 25.5 W of DC power.

Compatible PoE Network Switches or Midspan

Units are required to inject the power in to the

Ethernet cable.

Using PoE
Power over Ethernet Network Switch

Using PoE
Power over Ethernet with Midspan

Using a Uninterrupted Power Supply

(UPS)
If required a UPS can be used to provide short

term standby power for the PoE switch or

Midspan
The total standby time and power consumption

will be needed in order to calculate the correct

UPS needed

Dedicated IP Lighting (Raytec)

Plugs into PoE enabled network using standard Ethernet cable

Command & Control Provides photocell, photocell adjust & power adjust

Light Sensitivity and Megapixel Cameras

1.3 Mega Pixel Camera
Aperture F1.4
Ray Max 25

2.0 Mega Pixel Camera

Aperture F1.4
Ray Max 25

Sensitivity vs Resolution

Sensitivity

High

1.3 M pixel

Low
Low

High
Number of Pixels

1MP Infra-Red @ 25 Metres

RayMax 25

No Illumination

Darkroom Test and Bandwidth/Storage

Bit-Rate
(Mbps)

Storage
(MBps)

No IR

11.267

1.408

IR

0.424

0.053

Saving (%)

96.2

96.2

Totally dark images result in more electrical noise

This noise is transmitted as data back to the NVR

Panoramic Lighting

Ultra Wide 180 degree Lighting

Even spread of illumination
All possible with a single IR unit

Project Overview System Design

Ground Floor

1st Floor

2nd Floor

6x NVRs
52x IP Cameras

Multiple NVR chosen for

safety & replacement rather
than 1 server option
Switch

Cameras 1, 2, 3,

Cameras 18, 19, 20, 21,

Cameras 36, 37, 38,

Switch 1

Switch 5

Switch 9

Cameras 4, 5, 6, 7,

Cameras 22, 23, 24,

Cameras 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,

Switch 2

Switch 66
Switch

Switch
Switch106

Cameras 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,

Cameras 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,

Cameras 45, 46, 47, 48

Switch 3

Switch 77
Switch

Switch 11
Switch
7

Cameras 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,

Cameras 31, 32, 33, 34, 35

Cameras 49, 50, 51, 52,

Switch 4

Switch 8

Switch 12

Enabling Remote Viewing (WAN or WWW)

Port Forwarding

The ports that need forwarding will be different on each

make of NVR

OCTV System (open circuit)

Business PC
Minidome Cameras (IP)

Business PC
Business PC

Network Switch

PTZ Cameras (IP)

Network Video Recorder
Business PC

OCTV System (open circuit)

For
Cost saving - No requirement for a dedicated network switch for the
cameras
Against
Security Easy to access the cameras
Interruption to the business Bandwidth issues
Maintenance Harder to fault find

CCTV System (closed circuit)

Business PCs

Fixed Camera

CCTV
Network Switch

PTZ Dome Camera

Network Video Recorder

CCTV System (closed circuit)

For
Better security- Not easy to access the camera network
Dedicated camera network - No impact on the operation of the business
Easier to diagnose video issues no impact from the business network
devices on the camera network
Against
Cost Dedicated network switch(es) required

Use of a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)

Use of a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)

Using a managed Switch
Partition the ports (RJ45 connections) to create separate networks,

on the same switch

Can load balance between VLANs (switch dependant)
Bandwidth is NOT increased, it is still the capacity of the switch.

Summary
Basic Components of an IP CCTV System
System Architecture
Possible Additional Components of a System
Bandwidth

Compression Methods
Transmitting Data
IP Addressing

Using Power over Ethernet

Remote Viewing
Closed Circuit v Open Circuit