VOCATIONAL TRAINING

AT
MAITHON POWER LIMITED

Submitted By:Name:-VISHAL KUMAR

Department:-Electrical engineering
Roll No:- 1359035
Training Period:-05 Jul 2016-19 Jul 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to record my gratitude to all those who helped us in successful
completion of the project.
We are highly indebted to Mr.Amit Chatterjee ,Lead Associate(Business HR) , Maithon
Power Ltd. for providing us an opportunity to carry out the project.
We also extends our sincere and heartful thanks to Mr. Shyamal Mondal, Mr. Anshul
Singh,Mr. Akash Bajpai , Lead Engineer,Maithon Power Ltd. for their invaluable guidance
at every stage of study.
Most of all we are extremely grateful to all the Head of the Department and respective
department Engineers and Technicians for their cooperation and in data collection for the
project work.
Finally we would wish to express profound thanks to all the employees, in charge and
workmen without whose support, completion of this project would have been impossible.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
400 KV SWITCHYARD
EQUIPMENTS IN SWITCHYARD
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
POWER TRANSFORMERS
CONTROLLING OF SWITCHYARD
PROTECTION OF SWITCHYARD
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR (ESP)
ASH HANDLING PLANT
COAL HANDLING PLANT
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Tata Power is Indias largest integrated power company with a significant international
presence. The Company has an installed generation capacity of 5297 MW in India and a
presence in all the segments of the power sector viz Generation (thermal, hydro, solar and
wind), Transmission, Distribution and Trading. It has successful public-private
partnerships in Generation Transmission and Distribution in India namely Tata Power
Delhi Distribution Limited" with Delhi Vidyut Board for distribution in North Delhi,
'Powerlinks Transmission Ltd.' with Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. for evacuation
of Power from Tata hydro plant in Bhutan to Delhi and 'Maithon Power Ltd.' with
Damodar Valley Corporation for a 1050 MW Mega Power Project at Jharkhand.
Promoter
Joint Venture of Damodar Valley Corporation (26%) and Tata Power (74%) (Registered on
July 26, 2000)
Location
District Dhanbad, Jharkhand
Installed Capacity
1050 MW
Unit configuration
2 x 525 MW
Type of Fuel
Coal
Fuel Requirement/Source
a) SLC (LT) granted long term linkage for 4.864 MTPA for BCCL.
b) MT(0.5 MT each from Karo OCP & Khasmahal OCP) from CCL
c) MT out of middling from Tata Steel
Land Availability
Out of the 1166 acres identified, 80% already acquired while payment for 98% made. 198
acres of un-notified forest land is under clearance from State Authorities
Main Plant Award
BTG Package: BHEL (LoI on August 17, 2007 and contract signed on October 25, 2007)
O & M Contract: Tata Power company
Commissioning date
Synchronization
Unit I: March 2011
Unit II: November 2011
Commissioning
Unit I: July 2011
Unit II: December 2011

400 KV SWITCHYARD
The terms "substation" and "switchyard" are used inter-changeably. Strictly speaking, a
"switchyard" is the location where numerous transmission lines of the same voltage are
interconnected. A "substation" is the location of one or more transformers which
change the power system voltage to another level of the interconnected system.
The system in the 400 kV switchyard at MPL receives electrical power from 2 x 525 MW
via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the outgoing
transmission lines to PGCIL Maithon and Ranchi substation.
Though the generation at MPL is 1050 MW; only 1000 MW will tag on to the
switchyard. The rest is utilized for auxiliary consumption.
The switchyard comprises of the following equipment:
a) 17 bays which include 6 generator transformers (GTs), 2 station
transformers (STs), 5 bus couplers, 5 Dias, 2 bus reactors, 2 line reactors and 4
feeders.
b) Station battery system.
c) Centralized air conditioning system with connecting switchgear.
The flow of electric power between incoming and outgoing circuits, in substation takes
place through bus bars. Bus bars are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or
outgoing circuits are connected. Electrical components of each circuit are connected in a
definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off during normal operation by
manual command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short
circuits or earth faults.
The constructional specifications of MPL switchyard are:
Phase to Phase clearance
4m
Phase to Earth clearance
3.5 m
Sectional clearance
6.5 m
Ground clearance
8m
BAY to BAY clearance
13 m
BAY length
27 m

Tasks of the switchyard:a) Protection of transmission system (to isolate faulty network from the
healthy one.)
b) Controlling the exchange of power (i.e. to control the power
transmission to load points as per requirements.)
c) Maintain the system frequency within targeted limits. (This can be done by
raising/lowering of generation or load shedding.)

d) Determination of power transfer through transmission lines.

EQUIPMENTS IN THE SWITCHYARD

The equipments which are used generally in any switchyard are
a) Tower
b) Insulators
c) Conductors and Accessories
d) Bus bars
e) Lightning arresters
f) Isolators
g) Circuit breakers
h) Instrument transformers

Tower
Tower (structure) is a lattice structure built up by bolting/riveting/welding the
structural members of Galvanized steel that supports insulators, overhead
transmission line conductor and overhead earth wire. Structures are also used for
supporting flexible bus bar insulators, equipment insulators, rigid bus bar insulators
and lightning masts and overhead shielding mesh in substations (SS).

Insulators
The flexible ACSR conductors of transmission line and substation bus bars are
supported on string insulators. The rigid tubular bus bars in SS are supported on solid
insulators/post insulators.
Materials used for Insulators
Ceramic (Porcelain, Steatite)
Glass
Synthetic Resins (Glass-fiber reinforced epoxy resin rod covered by sheds
made of silicon-rubber.)
Properties of Insulators
High electrical resistance of insulator material to avoid leakage currents.
High mechanical strength to with stand conductor load, wind load etc.
It should be non porous and free from impurities and cracks.
High ratio of puncture strength to flashover.
Insulators used in Transmission substations
1. String Insulators (Suspension and Tension) for supporting ACSR or
AAAC conductors. The string consists of several Ball and Socket type Disc
Insulators in series with end fittings on cross arm side and conductor side. It is

shown in figure 2.1.

2. Solid Post Insulators for SS apparatus and rigid tubular bus bars.
Several identical units (single post insulator units) are assembled to form one
Post insulator (stack). The insulators are used in assembly of isolators, to
support bus bars etc. These are shown in figure 2.2 and figure 2.3.
3.Hollow Porcelain Insulators for Transformer bushings, SF6 GIS bushings.
CTs, CVTs, PTs, CB chambers. These are shown in figure 2.4.

Figure 2.1: String Insulator

Figure 2.3: Post Insulator (Multi stack)

Figure 2.2: Post Insulator (Single stack)

Figure 2.4: Hollow Insulator

Insulators used in Distribution substations

1. Pin Type Insulators are used to support overhead conductors. They are mounted
on cross arms in intermediate poles but do not take any tension.
2. Shackle Insulators are used at starting and last end poles or turning end poles.
3. Stay Insulators are used in stay wire to avoid flow of any leakage of current to
earth.
The important requirement of air insulation and porcelain insulators in
EHV substations and transmission lines are
Creepage distance
Clearances in air
Creepage distance is the shortest distance between two conducting parts along the

surface of the insulating material. It depends on

Phase to ground voltage
Degree of atmospheric pollution

Conductors and accessories

Conductors consists of several strands (individual wires) wound in layers spiraled along
the length of conductor. Consecutive layers are twisted spirally in opposite direction to
provide good interlayer grip and gives strength and flexibility to the conductor.
The conductor should have
Low resistance
High mechanical strength
The design criteria for distribution line and sub-transmission line are:
2

I R losses
Thermal loading
Mechanical strength
For EHV line conductor additional design criteria are:
Surface voltage gradient
Corona loss
Radio Interference (RI)
Audible noise
Electrical Grade Aluminium wires or Aluminium alloy wires are used for conductor
for carrying current. In the core, Galvanized steel wires are used for
reinforcement. The core gives high tensile strength and conductor has low
resistance.
The conductors used are:
AAAC
All Aluminium Alloy Conductor
ACSR Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
AACSR Aluminium Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced
In MPL all through the switchyard 54/7/3.18 ACSR Moose conductors are used. The
ACSR conductor is shown in below.

Bus Bars
The choice of bus bar scheme for a switchyard depends upon the degree of reliability
and economic justification. The degree of reliability is evaluated by determining the
continuity of service and possible faults.
Types of bus bar arrangements
a) Single Bus Bar

Figure 2.7: Single bus bar

This system is used for 132 kV substations. It is the cheapest among all the other bus
bars. It is totally shutdown in case of a fault. This scheme is shown in fig 2.7.
b) Double Bus Bar

Figure 2.8: Double bus bar

This system is costlier than a single bus bar system. One bus can serve as reserve, which
is used during maintenance or fault. It is used for 220 kV substations. This scheme is
shown in fig 2.8.
c) Double bus bar with Transfer bus

Figure 2.9: Double bus bar with Transfer bus

This system has additional flexibility for operation. We can take shutdown on a
breaker without interrupting the transmission line. It is used for critical 220 kV
substations. This scheme is shown in fig 2.9.
d) Ring bus arrangement

Figure 2.10: Ring bus arrangement

This is an extension of the sectionalized bus bar arrangement where the ends of
the bus bar are returned upon themselves to form a ring as illustrated in fig 2.10.
This arrangement provides greater flexibility as each feeder is supplied by two
paths, so that the failure of a section does not cause any interruption of the supply.
e) Breaker and half arrangement

Figure 2.11: Breaker and half arrangement

In this arrangement, three circuit breakers are used for two circuits. It is important for
400 kV substations where higher flexibility is required. Cost is higher for this
arrangement. The loads are automatically transferred to healthy bus from faulty bus
without interruption of circuit.
Bus bar arrangement in MPL
At MPL, the bus bar scheme is breaker and half arrangement. Six generators, two station
transformers (STs) and 4 feeders are connected to the double bus bar. The two bus bars
are linked through a Tie feeder. Generally 3 GTs, 1 STs and 2 feeders are connected to bus
bar 1 and the remaining to bus bar 2. We can keep all GTs, STs and feeders on single bus
bar and take maintenance on the other bus bar. The two bus bars are made of twin moose
ACSR conductors (see figure 2.14). The bus bars have current carrying capability of
approximately amperes 2000 Amps. Other conductors applied in business are quadruple
ACSR conductor(see fig. 2.12) and single moose ACSR conductor(see fig. 2.13)
depending upon their application

Advantage of Half breaker scheme at MPL

For any fault (short circuit / earth fault) on the bus bar 1 or bus bar 2, by Tie feeder
scheme the faulty bus bar gets isolated from the healthy bus bar.

Figure 2.12: 220 kV bus, Quadruple Moose Conductor

Figure 2.13: 220 kV bus, Single Moose Conductor

Lightning arresters (Surge arresters)

Surge arrester diverts the excessive surge voltages to earth and protect the equipment
against occurring faults occurring due to lightning surges and switching surges. Surge
arrester has non-linear resistance (phase to ground) and offer low resistance to high
voltages and high resistance to normal voltages. Surge arresters are usually connected
phase to ground. The protective levels of surge arresters are selected such that they are
below the respective withstand level of the protected equipment with enough protective
margins.
Classification of Surge Arresters
The classification of surge arresters as per ANSI standard is based on Normal
discharge current. They are classified as
Secondary type arresters
1,500 A
Distribution type arresters
5,000 A
Intermediate type arresters
5,000 A
Station type arresters
10,000 A
Surge Arresters in MPL
ZnO gapless type surge arresters are used in MPL. These surge arresters are available
for applications for up to 400kV systems. Both designs utilize the same housing
construction, which is a resin and glass fiber pultruded tube and aluminium flanges. High
cantilever mechanical strength is achieved on this design with the internal assembly
similar to that of the porcelain.

Isolators
An Isolator disconnects two electrical circuits in power system network. Isolators are of
three types

 Horizontal rotating center break type

Horizontal rotating double break type
Vertical pantograph type

These are shown in figure 2.16.

(a) Isolator contacts

(c) Double break type

(b) Center break type

(d) Vertical pantograph type

Fig 2.16: Different types of Isolators

Isolators in MPL are CBR type (Centre Break Rotary type). These are disconnecting
switches, which can be used for disconnecting a circuit under no current conditions
either electrically or manually. They are generally installed along with the circuit
breaker. An isolator can be opened after the circuit breaker. After opening the isolator,
the earthing switch can be closed to discharge the trapped electrical charges to the ground.

CIRCUIT BREAKER
Circuit Breaker is automatic switching device which can
Carry normal current and can switching in and out normal loads
Interrupt short circuit currents
Able to performer auto reclose duty.

Classification of circuit breakers

Based on voltage
Low voltage circuit breaker
- < 1kV
Medium voltage circuit breaker
- 1kV to 52 kV
High / Extra High voltage circuit breaker
- 66kV to 765kV
Ultra High voltage circuit breaker
- > 765kV
Based on Interrupting medium
Air Break Circuit Breaker (ACB)
Air Blast Circuit Breaker (ABCB)
Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCB)
Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB)
SF6 Circuit Breaker (GCB)
Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)

Selection of Circuit Breaker

Selection of circuit breaker depends on:
1. Type of application
2. Rated voltage and current
3. Breaking capacity
4. Auto reclosure duty cycle

Operating mechanisms of circuit breakers

Generally there are three types of mechanisms for EHV circuit breakers:
1. Spring operating mechanism
2. Hydraulic mechanism
3. Pneumatic operating mechanism
Many faults (80 to 90%) on OH lines are transient in nature. Auto-reclose is provided to
restore the service continuity after interrupting a transient fault. High voltage CBs (i.e.
above 400kV) used for controlling overhead transmissions lines are provided with autoreclose feature. High speed tripping & high speed closing improves the stability of the
power system.

RATINGS:Type
:
400 SFM 40A
Rated Voltage :
420 kV
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage :
Rated Frequency
:
50 Hz
Rated Normal Current
:
2000 A

1425 kVP

Rated Short Circuit Breaking Current

Symmetrical
:
40 kA
Asymmetrical : 50.67kA
Rated Break Time
: 60 ms (3 Cycles)
Rated Short Time Current
: 40 kA for 3s
Operating Mechanism
: Spring closing pneumatic tripping
Operating Pressure (air)
SF6 Gas Pressure
:
Applicable Standard
:
Opening Time
: 30 ms
Closing Time
: 100 ms

15.5 kg/cm
7 kg/cm
C242

SF6 circuit breaker

Protective
Relays:
Protective Relays used to initiate the fault condition & fast action of protection to avoid the
damage to equipment during faulty condition in circuit either external like lightning or
internal like unbalancing/short circuits etc.
Types of Relays:1) Undervoltage Relay
2) Distance Relay
3) Bucholz Relay
4) Earth Fault Relay
5) Over Current Relay
6) Digital Relay
These relays are used for protection of various equipments such as protection of busbars,
transformers,feeders,alternators,generators,transmission lines.

Protective Relays

Earth Switch
The earth switches are connected to equipments and networks for the purpose to ground
them. Since the transmission line of around 400kV is near to the equipments, voltage
(about 30kV) is induced in equipment. This is very high voltage so it must be ground
whenever there is any maintenance. Earth switch is shown in the figure of isolator (rode
tilted at some angle). And when the equipments are washing by de mineralized
water( thats conductivity is less) earth switch is used.

Earth Switch

Earthing
Earthing is necessary to discharge fault current to ground and to provide safe situation to
consumers and network operators.
In MPL a mesh has been provided at depth of 1.5mtr which facilitates earthing of the
instruments with the assist of Risers. Surge arresters and Current Transformers are
separately earthed at 2.5 mtr due to their extensive use.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
Instrument transformers are the special type of transformers intended to measure the
voltage and current. The main tasks of Instrument Transformers are
To transform current or voltage from usually high values to a value easily to
handle for relays and instruments.
To insulate the metering circuit from the primary high voltage system.
To provide possibilities of standardizing the instruments and relays to a few rated
currents and voltages.

Current Transformers
Current transformers are used for supplying the current to the indicating instruments
(ammeters, watt meters etc), recording instruments (energy meters etc) and protective
relays. The current transformers are designed to provide standard secondary current
output of 1A / 5A when rated current flows through the primary. Current transformer is
ideally a short circuited transformer where the secondary terminal voltage is zero and
the magnetizing current is negligible. Current transformers should not be left with their
secondary open. The equation which gives current transformation in proportion to the
primary and secondary turns is given by
I P NS
IS

NP

Current transformers used in MPL

The current transformers used in MPL are type IOSK:420/630/1425 with rated
secondary current of 5A and with 3 cores.
Rating Details:
Type
: IOSK:420/630/1425
Highest System Voltage
: 420 kV
Rated Insulation Level
Rated Frequency

: 1050 kV
: 50 Hz

Total Creepage Minimum

: 6125 mm

Rated Primary Current

Rated Continuous Current
Current
: 5A

: 2000 A
: 2400 A

Accuracy Class Metering / Protection : 0.2s

Cores
: 2
Weight of Oil
: 375 kg.
Total Weight
: 1450 Kg.

Rated Secondary
Number of

Voltage Transformers
Voltage transformers or potential transformers are used for supplying the voltage to the
indicating instruments, meters and protective relays. These may be oil filled or SF6 gas
filled units. All voltage transformers are designed for a standard secondary voltage of
110V, 63.5V. The equation which gives voltage transformation in proportion to the
primary and secondary turns is given by
EP
ES

NP
NS

Types of Voltage Transformers

There are two types of voltage transformers
1. Electromagnetic voltage transformers (EMVT)
2. Capacitive voltage transformers (CVT)
EMVT (Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer):
EMVT is same as the PT both are the use for the voltage measuring but accuracy of the
EMVT is high. Means its used for metering of supply.

EMVT
CVT(Capacitive voltage Transformer)
The Capacitive voltage transformer consists of the capacitive voltage divider and an
inductive medium voltage circuit. The inductive part is immersed in mineral oil and
hermitically sealed with air / nitrogen cushion inside a steel tank. One, two or three
capacitor units are mounted on the tank. They consist of condenser stacks with paperoil
as dielectric under mineral oil with nitrogen gas cushion.

Electrical circuit for CVT

The electrical circuit diagram of CVT is shown in figure 4.3

Figure 4.3: Electrical circuit of CVT

CVT specifications in MPL

The CVT specifications in MPL are given in table 4.1. CVE:420/1425/50 type
capacitive voltage transformers are used in MPL. These CVTs schematic diagram are
shown below

Winding

Terminals

Core 1

1a1 1n

Rated
Secondary
Voltage
110/3

1a2-1n

2a1 2n

Rated
Burden
(VA)
50

3PT3

Application

Protection

110/3

Core 2

50

2a2 2n

Accuracy
Class

3PT3

Protection

0.2

Metering

110/3

3a1-3n
Core 3

3a2-3n

110/3

100

Wave Trap
A wave trap is connected in series with the power (transmission) line. They consist of one
or more sections of resonant circuits, which block the high frequency carrier waves
(24 kHz to 500 kHz) and let power frequency current (50 Hz - 60 Hz) pass through. Wave
traps are used in switchyard of most power stations to prevent carrier from entering the
station equipment. Each wave trap has a lightning arrester to protect it from surge voltages.
To prevent high frequency signals from entering other zones.
Wave Trap is used for protection of the transmission line and communication
between substations.
Sends inter-trip signal to the other end CB so that the fault can be isolated at the
earliest time.

Fig. Wave trap

RATINGS:
System Voltage Rating
:400kV
Continuous current rating at 50 Deg. C ambient :2000 Amps
Continuous current rating at 65 Deg. C ambient :1840 Amps
Rated Inductance
:1.0 mH
Blocking Range
:50-90 & 500-900 kHz
Type of tuning
:Variable broad band
Basic Insulation level
:75 kVp

POWER TRANSFORMERS

The function of increasing or decreasing the voltage level is performed by equipment

called transformer. It is basically a passive device for transforming the voltage and
current magnitude levels. Starting from the generating station, transformers are used to
step up the voltage for transmission. Step down transformers are also used in generating
stations for auxiliary equipments.
Various transformers used in thermal power plant are divided into 5 major groups.
1. Generator Transformers
2. Unit Auxiliary Transformers
3. Station Transformers
4. LT Auxiliary Transformer
5. Reactors

Generator Transformers (GTs)

The generating voltages are normally varies from 11 kV to 22 kV. In our station, the
generating voltage is 21 kV. The generating voltages shall be raised to the transmission
voltages (400 kV). The Generator Transformer is connected between generator and the
EHV substation (grid).
RATINGS
MVA Rating
: 216 MVA
Rating HV(MVA) : 129.6/172.8/216
Rating LV(MVA) : 129.6/172.8/216
Tap Changer
: Off Load
No load voltage HV(KV) : 420/3
No load voltage LV(KV) : 21
Line Current HV(Amps) : 534.5/712.6/890.8
Line Current LV(Amps) : 6171.4/8228.6/10285.7
Temp. rise coil(`C)
: 50
Temp. rise winding(`C) : 55
1U
VECTOR DIAGRAM
2U
2V
1W
2W

1V

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

Station Transformers (STs)

To start up a thermal power unit, various auxiliary equipments are to be taken into
service to meet the required parameters. This power has to be drawn from the EHV
substation (grid) through the station transformer. These transformers are step down
type and are designed as per the auxiliary voltages required for the power station.
It is also useful to provide uninterrupted power supply to the auxiliary equipment in
case of tripping of the unit. The station transformer is connected between the EHV
substation (grid) and station switch board.
RATINGS
MVA Rating
: 80 MVA
KVA HV
: 4800/6400/80000
LV1
: 21000/28000/35000
LV2(1) cable box : 13500/18000/22500
LV2(2) cable box : 13500/18000/22500
Volts (at no load) : HV :400000
LV 1: 11500
LV2 : 6900
Amperes (line value) :
HV : 69.4/92.5/45.6
LV1:1055.5/1407.4/1759.2
LV2(1) cable box : 1130.9/1507.9/1884.9
LV2(2) cable box : 1130.9/1507.9/1884.9
No. of phases : 3
Frequency : 50 Hz
Tap changer : On- Load

Unit Auxiliary Transformers (UATs)

The Unit Auxiliary Transformer is a step down transformer and is designed as per the
auxiliary voltages required for the power station. The HV side of the transformer is
tapped from the generator output before fed to the generator transformer. The LV side of
the transformer is connected to the Unit Switch Board. Every Unit has 2 Unit Auxiliary
Transformers (A&B).
RATINGS
Type of cooling
: ONAN & ONAF
Rating H.V&L.V
:20(ONAN) & 25(ONAF)
No load voltage H.V(kV):21(ONAN) & 21(ONAF)
No load voltage L.V(kV) :6.9(ONAN) & 6.9(ONAF)
Line current L.V(Amps) :1673.48(ONAN) & 2091.85(ONAF)
Line current H.V(Amps) :549.86(ONAN) & 587.32(ONAF)
Phase
:3
Frequency
:50 Hz
Connection symbol
:Dyn1

UNIT TRANSFORMER

LT Auxiliary Transformers
The LT Auxiliary Transformers are step down transformers and are designed as per
the LT auxiliary voltages required for the accessories and lighting system etc. These
transformers are fed from the Unit & Station Switch Boards and are connected to the
various LT switch boards. Normally, these transformers are of two types Dry type and
oil immersed.
RATINGS
KVA Rating
:
800
Vector Group
:
Dy n 11
Cooling
:
AN
No load voltage H.V/L.V(volts)
: 6600/433
Amperes H.V/L.V
: 69.98/1066.70

Line Reactors
A line reactor is an electronics component consisting of one or more inductor elements
generally wired between a power source and an electrical load. The line reactor will
oppose rapid changes in current. The device serves to attenuate spikes of current and to
limit peak currents .The most common type is designed for three-phase electric power, in
which three isolated inductors are each wired in series with one of the three line phases.
Line reactors are generally installed in motor driven equipment to limit starting current,
and may be used to protect Variable-frequency drives and motors.

RATINGS (SHUNT REACTOR):

Rated MVAR
: 50
Rated Voltage(kV)
:
Rated Amperes(Amp) :
Connection
:
Frequency(Hz)
:
Type of Cooling
:
Type of Construction :

420
68.7
Star
50
ONAN
Gapped core

(Box represents the coil)

Bus Reactor.
A Bus Reactor is basically an inductive load(shunt
reactor). Two Bus Reactors have been installed in MPL
switchyard for maintenance of Bus voltage.

(Box represents the coil)

CONTROLLING OF SWITCHYARD
The Controlling of switchyard equipments done by SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) system which is given as below:
First of all charge Main Bus-1 & Main Bus-2 by closing Bus Sectionalizer-1 & 2 i.e.
circuit breaker- GS001 & GS002 respectively with respective Isolators. It is noted
before closing of Isolators the Earth switch of Bus Bars & Sectionalizer Isolators
side must be opened.
When Main Bus- 1 & 2 got charged check the Bus PT ( Potential Transformer) must
show both Bus voltages as it is most necessary requirement of bus voltage at the
time of synchronization of generator from bus bars & then from Grid.
Now all the earth switches of all the required isolators must be opened. Now close
all the isolators of GT-5 bay & Bus Coupler bay on no-load condition i.e. generator
on no-load or not synchronized.
Now close the circuit breaker of Bus Coupler bay & Main Bus-2 Side i.e. GS003
respectively & circuit breaker of Main Bus-1 & Tie Breaker must be open to avoid
back charging of generator from Main Bus-1 or 2 i.e. GS002 open respectively.
As synchronizing parameters matched i.e. Line Voltage, Phase Angle & Frequency
close the Tie circuit breaker- GS002 & check the Active & Reactive Power flow on
line, as power is start to export i.e. it start to give LDC or grid close the circuit
breaker of Main Bus-1 side to maintain the generated power flow through both
buses.
In case unit or Generator (GT) is to be taken under shut down first of all circuit
breakers of Tie Breaker & Main Bus-1 side simultaneously opened i.e. GS003 &
GS002 respectively to avoid back charging of generator.
Now open all the isolators of GT-5 bay on no load condition i.e. after opening of all
circuit breakers of the respective bay & close the earth switches to remove/ ground
the trapped voltages on the circuit.

As Reactor is in charged condition from Main Bus-1 so it is not needed to give shut
down the Buses, these may keep in charged condition otherwise Reactor will be
tripped.

PROTECTION OF SWITCHYARD
All switchyard equipments are provided with adequate protections for their safety from
various fault causing conditions, to avoid the damage.For protection here 1 & 1/2 (one and
half) breaker scheme is used, the two sides breakers GS001and GS003 are used for bus bar
and the middle tie breaker GS002 is used for both. Various protections for installed
equipments are discussed as follows:

Bus Bars Protection:

Majority of the faults occurs on bus bars are single phase in nature. The clearing of bus
fault requires the opening of all the circuits branching from the faulty bus or bus section.
Commonly used bus protection given as below:
1. Back Up Protection: In principle it is the simplest of all to protect the buses with
the aid of backup protections of the connected supplying elements which should
respond to any fault appearing on the buses. When no separate bus protection is
provided but distance is provided for the feeders connected to the bus. Bus backup
protection may also mean that in case the breaker fails to operate for a fault on the
outgoing feeder, then it regarded as bus fault. It opens all the breakers on that bus.
Backup protection with appropriate time delay through a timer of 3 sec is used.
2. Differential Over Current Protection: This protection is based on simple circulating
current principle that under normal operating conditions or under external fault
conditions the sum of currents entering into bus bar will be equal to the sum of currents
leaving the bus bar. In case the sum of these currents is not zero, it must be due to shortcircuit either a ground fault or phase to phase fault. This protection scheme is used for
both types of faults i.e. phase to phase faults & ground faults. The setting of differential
relay for differential protection is given 1.2 times of rated current.
It is based on the fact that any fault within electrical equipment would cause the current
entering it to be different from the current leaving it.

By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in phase or in both, fault can be
determined. It is an attractive option if both the ends of the apparatus are located near
each other.
3. Breaker Failure: This scheme protects the bus bars, by isolating the bus bars from

faults generated in the any other bay of switchyard, by which fault may damage other
healthy equipments which are connected from these bus bars.

Line Protection:
Line Protection is used to protect the transmission lines from internal or external faults.
Some of important line protections given as below:
1. Distance Protection: Distance protection is the name given to the protection, whose
action depends upon the distance of the feeding point to the fault. The time of operation
of this protection is a function of the ratio of voltage & current i.e. impedance. This
impedance between the relay & the fault depends up on the electrical distance between
them. It is a non-unit type protection; the protection zone is not exact. It is the high
speed protection & is simply to apply & can be employed as primary as well as back-up
protection to protect a line from any external fault.
2. Over-current & Earth Fault Protection: Generally a set of two or three over-current
relays employed for protection against phase to phase faults & a separate over-current
relay for single line to ground faults. Separate Earth fault relays are generally preferred
because they can be adjusted to provide faster & more sensitive protection for single
line to ground faults than that can be provided by the phase relays. Setting for Overcurrent protection is given 1.8 times of full load current of the line.
3. Overvoltage Protection: Overvoltage protection of the line is given to protect the line
& related equipments like CT, PTs from saturation & short circuiting between two
phases due to high corona which depends on line voltage. Setting for Overvoltage
protection is given 110% of rated line voltage with a delay of 3 second at first stage &
instantaneous tripping of line 112% of rated line voltage.

Circuit Breaker Protection:

Circuit Breaker is very important & costly device, which protects the equipment from
damage, which mostly presents as severe faults. Some circuit breaker protections are listed
as below:
1. Loss of SF6 gas or cooling media: This protection is used to avoid the damage due to
arc production b/w making or breaking contacts from overheating due to loss of cooling
media.
2. Pole Discrepancy: This Protection is used to protect the separate phase contacts of
circuit breaker during making or breaking operation, generally not closing of one or
more contacts properly, which may further cause damage to system due to unbalanced
circuit loading.
3. SF6 Pressure low: This protection trips the breaker if SF6 gas pressure reduces below
0.5 MPa, as at low pressure gas may not have sufficient cooling properties as contacts
may damage.
4. Anti Pumping: This protection protects the breaker & its contacts from instant closing

of breaker after a trip by a number of fast commands issued by DCS or operating

personal.

Reactor Protection:
Reactor is itself an important & costly device in a protection system & its protections are
listed as below:
1. Overload Protection: An overload relay of setting 1.5 times of rated load is provided
to protect reactor from overloading in cases like more reactive power supply to system.
2. Overvoltage Protection: This Protection is used to protect the reactor core from
saturation due to high voltage by isolating the reactor if bus voltage going 112% of
rated bus bar voltage.
3. Buchholz Protection: This protection protects the reactor from severe faults like
winding short circuits & core faults etc. This is gas based protection, which generally
evolves during a fault.
4. Oil & Winding Temperature Protection: This protection is provided to protect the
reactor core & windings from overheating as winding & oil temperature increases due

to any external fault or atmospheric condition, which may cause a severe damage to
core & windings.
Pressure Relief Protection: It is the only mechanical protection provided to reactor to
avoid the damage to core, windings & tank from excessive gas pressures during a fault, by
removing excess pressure to atmosphere & also connected to trip circuit to isolate the
reactor.

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
It is a device that separates fly ash from outgoing flue gas before it discharged to the
stack.An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration device that removes fine particles,
like dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge.
The most basic precipitator contains a row of thin vertical wires, and followed by a stack
of large flat metal plates oriented vertically, with the plates typically spaced about 1 cm to
18 cm apart, depending on the application. The air stream flows horizontally through the
spaces between the wires, and then passes through the stack of plates.
A negative voltage of several thousand volts is applied between wire and plate. If the
applied voltage is high enough, an electric corona discharge ionizes the air around the
electrodes, which then ionizes the particles in the air stream.
The ionized particles, due to the electrostatic force, are diverted towards the grounded
plates. Particles build up on the collection plates and are removed from the air stream.

There are four steps in precipitation.

1. Ionization of gases and charging of dust particles.
2. Migration of particle to the collector.
3. Deposition of charged particles on collecting surface.
4. Dislodging of particles from the collecting surface.

By the electrostatic discharge the ash particles are charged due to high voltage(56KV)
between two electrodes.Generally maximum amount of ash particles are collected in the
form of dry ash, stored inside the SILO. Rest amount of ash (minimum) are collected in the
form of bottom ash and stored under the water inside HYDROBIN.
The particles collected on the collecting plates are removed by methods such as
(1) Dislodging by rapping the collecting plates,
(2) Scraping off with a brush, or
(3) Washing off with water, and removing from a hopper.

Detail view of ESP

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
The Electrostatic Precipitator may be divided into two major groups, viz., electrical parts
and mechanical parts.

CASING:
This is made up of wall panels, hoppers, roof panels and supporting members. The casing
rests on sliding supports, which are fixed, to the supporting structures. These supports
allow for thermal expansion of the casing. The roof beams support the weights of internals
and rectifiers, disconnecting switches, insulator housing etc., mounted on it.

HOPPER :
The hopper are delivered to the site in pre-fabricated panels of suitable size. The bottom
portions of hoppers are equipped with electrical heating elements to facilitate free flow
dust into the ash disposal system. In order to prevent untreated gas from sneaking below
the collecting electrode each hopper is provided with sets of deflection plates suspended in
the hoppers.

HOPPER

Emitting Electrode system:

The most essential part of the precipitator is the discharge (emitting) electrodes system.
The discharge electrode system consists of a rigid box like frame, which is suspended from
four insulators from roof of the precipitator. It is located centrally between collecting
electrode. The insulators are housed in double walled insulator housings. In order to keep
the insulators above the dew point of the gas, each insulator compartment is equipped with
electrical heating element of rating approximately 1 KW. The operation of the heating
elements is controlled by Thermostat. The emitting electrodes are hard drawn / annealed
spiral stainless steel wires of diameter 2.7. These are delivered at site in the form of coils,
having hooks at the ends. At site these coils are stretched out between top and bottom
holders in each tier of the discharge electrode framework by stretching tool.

ASH HANDLING SYSYTEM

The main by-product formed in power plant is ash. It is of 2 types.
1)Fly Ash
2)Bottom Ash

Fly ash collection and disposal

Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gas by electrostatic precipitators or fabric
bag filters (or sometimes both) located at the outlet of the furnace and before the induced
draft fan. The fly ash is periodically removed from the collection hoppers below the
precipitators or bag filters. Generally, the fly ashes pneumatically transported to storage
silos for subsequent transport by trucks or railroad cars.

Bottom ash collection and disposal

At the bottom of every boiler, a hopper has been provided for collection of the bottom
ash from the bottom of the furnace. This hopper is always filled with water to quench the
ash and clinkers falling down from the furnace. Some arrangement is included to crush the
clinkers and for convey the crushed clinkers and bottom ash to a storage site.

COAL HANDLING PLANT

In a coal based thermal power plant, the initial process in the power generation is Coal
Handling.In MPL,the huge amount of coal is usually supplied through highwa is taken
into the power station and the coal is delivered in the storage yard. The coal is taken from
coal yard to track hopper of 4200 M.Tonnes. From track hopper generally 25mm size is
passed to the underground conveyor belt through paddle feeeder. The belt deliver the coal
to the breaker house. Before that their is MDT(metal detector) & ILMS (In-line magnetic
separtor)for separtion of metal and magnetic contents.
The belt further elevates the coal to the JNT-7 and it reaches the crusher through belt i.e of
Ring granulator . In the crusher a high-speed 3-phase induction motor is used to crush the
coal to a size of 25mm so as to be suitable for milling system. While 25mm presized coal
passes through the VGF(vibrating grizzle feeder).Coal rises from crusher house and
reaches the stock/reclaimsection by passing through JNT-8 or either to the bunkers.

MPL consists of 16 bunkers constituting 8 bunkers per unit.Below bunkers their are mills
to crush the coal to; powdered form which is fed to the boiler for efficient combustion
along with LDO(light diesel oil).
Equipment used in a coal handling plant:1.Track Hopper:
Coal is initially fed to the track hopper through general transport by dozing.

2.Paddle feeder:
Used to resize the coal to 25mm and fed to the underground conveyor belt.

3.Conveyor belt:
To pass the coal to the bunker.

4.Vibrating feeder
The coal stored in a huge hub is collected on the belt through vibrations created by the
vibrating feeder.
5.Flap gates
These are used to channelize the route of coal through another belt in case the former is
broken or unhealthy. The flap gates open let the coal pass and if closed stop its movement.
6.In-line Magnetic separator
These are used to separate the ferrous impurities from the coal.

7. Metal detector
These are detect the presence of any ferrous and non-ferrous metal in the coal and sends
a signal to a relay which closes to seize the movement of belt until the metal is removed. It
basically consists of a transmitter and a receiver.
The transmitter consists of a high frequency oscillator, which produces a oscillations of
1500 Hz at 15V. The receiver receives this frequency signal. If there is any presence of
metal in the coal. Then this frequency is disturbed and a tripping signal is send to relay to
stop the conveyor belt

8.Stock Pile
Reclaimation is a process of taking coal from the stockpile for preparation or further
feeding to bunkers. This is accomplished by belt conveyors.
9.Crush House(Ring granulator)
After hand picking foreign material, coal is transported to the Crush house by conveyor
belts where it is crushed to small pieces of about 25mm diameter. The crushed coal is then
transported to the store yard or either to the Bunkers
10. Mill
The coal is pulverized in the bowl mill, where it is grounded to a powder form. The mill
consists of a round metallic table on which coal particles fall.
This table is rotated with the help of a motor. There are three large steel rollers, which are
spaced 120 apart. When there is no coal, these rollers do not rotate but when the coal is
fed to the table it packs up between rollers and the table and this forces the rollers to rotate.
11.Traveling Trippler:
Used to fill the each bunker according to the requirements.

CONCLUSION
In the present day scenario, we know how
important the electricity is. Majority of the
equipments we use works with electrical
energy. The electric energy we utilize is
generated in various power stations and is
given to grid through the switchyard
associated with the power station. If the
synchronization is not done properly it
affects the total power station
and the equipments in the power station.
So it is very important to know about the
switchyard, its equipments and their
operation.
Vocational Training helps us in getting the information about thermal power
plant in Maithon power Limited.We got to know about the 400 KV switchyard,
its equipments and its controlling & protection schemes.Also we got to learn
about various other units required for the proper working of a thermal power
station like coal handling plant,ash handling plant etc.
This project is a summary of the circuit breakers, surge arresters, power
transformers,instrument transformers and other special features of the MPL
switchyard.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Switchyard Manual
Power plant Engineering by P.K.Nag
www.tatapower.com
www.electrical-engineering-portal.com
J.B Gupta A Course in Power Systems.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station
C.L Wadhwa Electrical Power Systems.