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Lect 3

This document discusses various operations that can be performed on discrete-time signals, including time-shifting, time-scaling, time-reversal, and examples of applying these operations. Time-shifting a discrete signal x(n) by m samples results in the signal y(n)=x(n-m). Time-scaling by a factor of N results in decimation as y(n)=x(Nn) if N>1 or interpolation if y(n)=x(n/N). Time-reversal is represented as y(n)=x(-n). Examples demonstrate applying these operations to signals and obtaining the resulting signals.

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Pratyush Gupta
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40 views7 pages

Lect 3

This document discusses various operations that can be performed on discrete-time signals, including time-shifting, time-scaling, time-reversal, and examples of applying these operations. Time-shifting a discrete signal x(n) by m samples results in the signal y(n)=x(n-m). Time-scaling by a factor of N results in decimation as y(n)=x(Nn) if N>1 or interpolation if y(n)=x(n/N). Time-reversal is represented as y(n)=x(-n). Examples demonstrate applying these operations to signals and obtaining the resulting signals.

Uploaded by

Pratyush Gupta
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Signals and Systems

Useful Signal Operation-Discrete time Signals


Time-shifting: A discrete time signal x(n) is time shifted by m is defined by,

y(n)  x(n  m)
Here, m must be positive or negative integer. If m is positive then x(n)
Shifts right by m samples and if it is negative then it shifts left by m samples

Example: Consider, x(n)=1, n=1,2


=-1, n=-1,-2
= 0 , n=0, |n|>2
y(n)
Compute, y(n)=x(n+3)
x(n)

.
-3 -2 -1 .0 .3 . . -6. -5 -4 .-3 -2
.-1 .0 .1
1 2 n
Useful Signal Operation-Discrete time Signals
Time-scaling: Two cases: 1. Decimation/ downsampling

y(n)  x( Nn)
Here, N >1 must be positive integer.

Example: Consider, x(n)=n, n=1,2


=-n, n=-1,-2
= 0 , n=0, |n|>2
Compute, y(n)=x(2n)

y(n)
x(n)

.
-3 -2 -1 .0 .3 . -3 -2 -1 .0 1 2 3
1 2
Useful Signal Operation-Discrete time Signals
Time-scaling: Two cases: 2. Interpolation / upsampling

{
y ( n) 
x(n / N )
0
n  0, N ,2 N ,...

Otherwise,

Here, N >1 must be positive integer.

Example: Consider, x(n)=n, n=1,2


=-n, n=-1,-2
= 0 , n=0, |n|>2
Compute, y(n)=x(n/2)

y(n)
x(n)

.
-3 -2 -1 .0 1 2
.3 . -4 -3 -2 -1
0 1 2 3 4
Useful Signal Operation-Discrete time Signals
Time-reversal or time folding: It is represented as

y(n)  x(n)

Example: Consider, x(n)=n, n=1,2


=-n, n=-1,-2
= 0 , n=0, |n|>2
Compute, y(n)=x(-n)

y(n)

x(n)
-3 -2 -1
.
-3 -2 -1 .0 1 2
.3 . 0 1 2 3
Useful Signal Operation-Examples
Ex-1: x(n)={1, 2, 5, -1}. Generate x(2n) and x(n/3)
↑
x(n/3)={1, 0,0,2,0,0, 5,0,0, -1,0,0}.
x(2n)={2, -1}. ↑
↑

Ex-2: x(n)={3, 4, 5, 6}. Generate x(2n-1) and x(0.5n-1).


↑ x(0.5n-1)={3,0, 4, 0,5,5, 0,6,0}.
x(2n-1)={4,6}. ↑
↑
Ex-3: x(n)={3, 4, 5, 6}. Generate x(2n/3).
↑
x(2n/3)={3,0, 0, 5,0, 0}.
↑

Ex-4: x(n)={2, 4, 6, 8}. Generate x(n-0.5).


↑
x(n-0.5)={0,0,0,0}
↑
Transformations of Signals
Name y(t) y(n)

Time reversal x(-t) x(-n)


Time scaling x(at) x(Nn)

Time shifting x(t-t0) x(n-m)

Amplitude -x(t) -x(n)


reversal
Amplitude Ax(t) Ax(n)
scaling
Amplitude x(t)+B x(n)+B
shifting

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