Chapter 1 Differentiation

CHAPTER 1

DIFFERENTIATIONS

FARAH LIYANA AZIZAN

1.1 Derivative of a Function

The derivative of a function f (x) with respect to x from first

principles is
dy f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x)   lim
dx h  0 h

Example 1.1

Find the derivatives of the following functions from the first principles
(a) f ( x)  3 x  2
(b) f ( x)  5 x 2  4

Solution

(a) f ( x)  3x  2 , f ( x  h)  3x  h  2

f ' ( x)  lim
3x  h   2  3x  2
h 0
h
3 x  3h  2  3x  2
 lim
Chapter 1 Differentiation

h 0
h
3h
 lim
h 0
h
 lim 3
h 0

3

1
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

f ( x)  5x 2  4 , f ( x  h)  5x  h  4
2
(b)

f ' ( x)  lim
5x  h 2

 4  5 x 2  4
h 0
h
5x 2  2 xh  h 2   4  5 x 2  4
 lim
h 0
h
5 x 2  10 xh  5h 2  5 x 2
 lim
h 0
h
5h 2  10 xh
 lim
h 0
h
h5h  10 x 
 lim
h 0
h
 lim 5h  10 x
h 0

 5(0)  10 x

 10 x

1.2 Rules of Differentiation

1. The constant rule

d
c   0 , where c is real number.
dx

2. The power rule

d n
x   nx n1
Chapter 1 Differentiation

dx

3. The constant multiple rule

d
cf x   c d  f x   cf ' ( x)
dx dx

2
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

4. The sum and difference rule

d
 f x   g x   d  f x   d g x 
dx dx dx

5. The product rule

d
 f x  g x   f x  d g x   g x  d  f x 
dx dx dx

6. The quotient rule

d  f x  
g x 
d
 f x   f x  d g x 
 dx dx where g x   0
dx  g x   g x 2

7. The chain rule

where y  f u  and u  f x  .
dy dy du
 
dx du dx

d n 1
 g  x    n  g  x   g '  x 
n
A simpler version of the chain rule:
dx

Example 1.2

dy
Find of the following functions.
dx

(a) y5
(b) y  x3
(c) y  8x 5
Chapter 1 Differentiation

10
(d) y
x

3
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

(e) y  x 5  10 x  8x 3

(f) y  8x 4  125x 2  10

x3  1
(g) y
x4

y  x10  17
5
(h)

Solution

(a) y5

dy d
 5
dx dx
0

(b) y  x3

dy d 3
 x 
dx dx
 3x 2

(c) y  8x 5

dy d
 8 x 5 
dx dx

8
d 5
x 
dx
Chapter 1 Differentiation

 85x 4

 40 x 4

4
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

(d)
10
y
x
1

 10 x 2

dy d   
1

 10 x 2 
dx dx  
d   12 
 10  x 
dx  

 1  2
3

 10   x
 2
3

 5 x 2

5

x3

(e) y  x 5  10 x  8x 3

dy d 5
 x  10 x  8 x 3 
dx dx


d 5
x   d 10 x   d 8 x 3 
dx dx dx


d 5
x   10 d x   8 d x 3 
dx dx dx
Chapter 1 Differentiation

 5 x 4  10  83x 2

 5 x 4  10  24 x 2

5
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

(f) y  8x 4  125x 2  10

 8 x 4  125 x 2  10
dy d
dx dx

 8 x 4  12 5 x 2  10  5 x 2  10 d 8 x 4  12

d
dx dx
 8 x 4  1210 x   5 x 2  1032 x 3 

 80 x 5  120 x  160 x 5  320 x 3

 240 x 5  320 x 3  120 x

x3  1
(g) y
x4

dy d  x 3  1 
  
dx dx  x  4 

 x  4  d x 3
 1  x 3  1
d
x  4
 dx dx
x  4 2


x  43x   x
2 3
 11
x  4 2

3 x 3  12 x 2  x 3  1

x  42
2 x 3  12 x 2  1

x  42
Chapter 1 Differentiation

6
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

y  x10  17
5
(h)

x  17 5
dy d 10

dx dx

 5x10  17  x  17 
4 d 10
dx

 5x10  17  10 x 9
4

 50 x 9 x10  17 
4

Example 1.3

d2y d3y
Find and of the following functions.
dx 2 dx 3
(a) y  5x10
(b) y  5x3  2 x

Solution

(a) y  5x10
dy d
 5 x10 
dx dx

5 x 
d 10
dx
 510 x 9 

 50 x 9
Chapter 1 Differentiation

7
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

d 2 y d  dy 
  
dx 2 dx  dx 


d
50 x 9 
dx

 50
d 9
x 
dx
 509 x 8 

 450 x 8

d3y d  d2y 
  
dx 3 dx  dx 2 


d
450 x 8 
dx

 450
d 8
x 
dx
 4508 x 7 

 3600 x 7

(b) y  5x3  2 x

dy d
 5 x 3  2 x 2 
dx dx

5
d 3
x   2 d x 2 
dx dx
 53x 2  22 x 

 15 x 2  4 x
Chapter 1 Differentiation

8
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

d 2 y d  dy 
  
dx 2 dx  dx 


d
15 x 2  4 x 
dx

 15
d 2
x   4 d  x 
dx dx
 152 x  4

 30 x  4

d3y d  d2y 
  
dx 3 dx  dx 2 

d
 30 x  4
dx
d
 30 x   d 4
dx dx
 30

1.3 Differentiation of Exponential, Logarithmic and

Trigonometric Functions

1.
d x
e   e x . If u  g x , then d eu   eu du .
dx dx dx

2.
dx
 
d x
a  a x ln a , where aR . If u  g x  , then

d u
a   a u du ln a .
dx dx
Chapter 1 Differentiation

3.
d
ln x   1 . If u  g x  , then d ln u   1 du .
dx x dx u dx

9
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

d
4. log a x   1 , where a  0 , a  1 . If u  g x  , then
dx x ln a
d
log a u   1 du .
dx u ln a dx

5. Function derivatives

Function Derivatives
sin x cos x
cos x - sin x
tan x sec 2 x
sec x sec x tan x
cosec x - cosec x cot x
cot x - cosec 2 x
Table 1.1

6. Function derivatives

Function Derivatives
sin f (x) d
cos f ( x) f ( x)
dx
cos f (x) d
- sin f ( x) f ( x)
dx
tan f (x) d
sec 2 f ( x) f ( x)
dx
sec f (x) d
sec f ( x) tan f ( x) f ( x)
dx
cosec f (x) d
- cosec f ( x) cot f ( x) f ( x)
dx
Chapter 1 Differentiation

cot f (x) d
- cosec 2 f ( x) f ( x)
dx

Table 1.2

1
0
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Example 1.4

Find the derivatives of the following functions.

(a) y  e5 x
(b) y  6x
1
(c) y  e 4 x2 
ex
(d) y  74 x  e x
(e) y  x 2 e3 x1

Solution

(a) y  e5 x

e 
dy d 5 x

dx dx
 5e 5 x

(b) y  6x

 6 
dy d x
dx dx
 6 x ln 6

1
(c) y  e 4 x2 
ex
dy d  4 x2 1 
 e  x 
dx dx  e 

 e   d e  x 
d 4 x2
Chapter 1 Differentiation

dx dx
 4e 4 x2  e  x
1
 4e 4 x2 
ex

1
1
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

(d) y  74 x  e x

7  e x 
dy d 4 x

dx dx

 7   d e x 
d 4x
dx dx
 7 4 x 4 ln 7  e x

(e) y  x 2 e3 x1

 x e 
dy d 2 3 x 1
dx dx

 x2 e   e3 x1  d x 2 
d 3 x 1
dx dx
 x 2 3e 3 x   e 3 x 1 2 x 

 3x 2 e 3 x  2 xe 3 x 1

Example 1.5

Find the derivatives of the following functions.

(a) y  ln 2 x
(b) y  ln 5x  2
(c) y  log 5x
(d) y  log 3 5x  3
Chapter 1 Differentiation

1
2
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Solution

(a) y  ln 2 x
Let u  2 x

dy d
 ln 2 x 
dx dx
1 d
  2 x 
2 x dx
1
  2 
2x
1

x

(b) y  ln 5x  2
Let u  5x  2

dy d
 ln 5 x  2 
dx dx
1 d
  5 x  2 
5 x  2 dx
1
  5
5x  2
5

5x  2
Chapter 1 Differentiation

1
3
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

(c) y  log 5x
Let u  5x

dy d
 log 5 x 
dx dx
1 d
  5 x 
5 x ln 10 dx
1
  5
5 x ln 10
1

x ln 10

(d) y  log 3 5x  3
Let u  5x  3

dy d 
  log 3 5 x  32 
1

dx dx  
1 d
 
1
  5 x  3 2

5 x  32 ln 3
1
dx

1
1
  d
5 x  3
1

   5 x  3 2 

5 x  32 ln 3  2 
1
dx

1 1 
  2  5
1

   5 x  3
5 x  32 ln 3  2 
1

5

25 x  3ln 3
Chapter 1 Differentiation

1
4
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Example 1.6

Find the derivatives of the following functions.

(a) y  sin 3x
(b) y  tan 5 x3
(c) y  sec2 x3  4
(d) y  cot4 3x

Solution

(a) y  sin 3x
dy d
 sin 3x 
dx dx
 3 cos 3x

(b) y  tan 5x 3

 tan 5 x 3 
dy d
dx dx

 sec2 5 x 3
d
5 x 3 
dx
 sec2 5 x 3 15 x 2 

 15 x 2 sec2 5 x 3

(c) y  sec2 x 3  4
Chapter 1 Differentiation

1
5
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

 sec2 x 3  4 
dy d
dx dx

 sec2 x 3  4 tan 2 x 3  4  2 x 3  4
d
dx
 sec2 x 3  4 tan 2 x 3  4  6 x 2 

 6 x 2 sec2 x 3  4  tan 2 x 3  4 

(d) y  cot4 3x

 cot 4 3 x 
dy d
dx dx
d
 cot 3x 4
dx
d
 4 cot3 3 x cosec 2 3 x 3x 
dx
 4 cot3 3 x cosec 2 3 x  3

 12 cot3 3 x cosec 2 3 x

1.4 Implicit Differentiation

1. If y is not alone on one side of the equation, the equation defines y

implicitly as function of x . For example y 2  x 2  y  2 x .

dy
2. To find of an implicit function, differentiate each terms with
dx
respect to x .
Chapter 1 Differentiation

1
6
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Example 1.7

dy
Find for the following functions.
dx
(a) y 2  3x  5 x 2  y
(b) 5 x  xy 2  5 y

Solution

(a) y 2  3x  5 x 2  y

d 2
 y  3x   d 5 x 2  y 
dx dx
d 2
 y   d 3x   d 5 x 2   d  y 
dx dx dx dx

 y   3  10 x  d  y  dy
d 2 dy
dy dx dy dx
dy dy
2y  3  10 x  1
dx dx
dy dy
2y  1  10 x  3
dx dx

2 y  1 dy  10 x  3
dx
dy 10 x  3

dx 2 y  1
Chapter 1 Differentiation

1
7
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

(b) 5 x  xy 2  5 y
d
5 x  xy 2   d 5 y 
dx dx
d
5 x   d xy 2   d 5 y 
dx dx dx
 d
5  x y 2   y 2
d
x   d 5 y  dy
 dx dx  dy dx

 d 
5   x  y 2   y 2 1  5
dy dy
 dy dx  dx

 dy  dy
5   x2 y   y 2 1  5
 dx  dx
dy dy
5  2 xy  y2  5
dx dx
dy dy
2 xy 5  y2  5
dx dx

2 xy  5 dy   y 2
5
dx
dy  y 2  5

dx 2 xy  5

Chapter 1 Differentiation

1
8
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Example 1.8

d2y
Find 2
for the function  x 3  y 2  2 .
dx

Solution

 x3  y 2  2

d
 x 3  y 2   d 2
dx dx
d
 x 3   d  y 2   d 2
dx dx dx
d
 x 3   d  y 2  dy  d 2
dx dy dx dx
dy
 3x 2  2 y 0
dx
dy 3 x 2

dx 2 y

Chapter 1 Differentiation

1
9
Chapter 1 Differentiation

d 2 y d dy

dx 2 dx dx
d  3x 2 
  
dx  2 y 

2 y  d 3x   3x  d 2 y 
2 2

 dx dx
2 y  2

2 y  d 3x   3x  d 2 y  dy
2 2

dx dy dx

2 y  2

2 y 6 x   3x 2 dy

2

 dx
2
4y

2 y 6 x   3x 2 3x  2

2

  2 y 
4 y2

18 x 4
12 xy 
2y

4 y2

24 xy 2 18 x 4

2y 2y
 2
y

24 xy 2  18 x 4
2y

y2

24 xy 2  18 x 4
Chapter 1 Differentiation


2 y3

12 xy 2  9 x 4

y3

2
0
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Example 1.9

d2y
Find the value of 2
for the functions  x 3  y 2  2 at the point
dx
(a) 1, 2
(b)  3, 5

Solution

From previous example,

 x3  y 2  2

d 2 y 12 xy 2  9 x 4

dx 2 y3

(a) Substitute point 1, 2

d 2 y 12 xy 2  9 x 4

dx 2 y3

1212   91
2 4


23
39

8

(b) Substitute point  3, 5

d 2 y 12 xy 2  9 x 4

dx 2 y3

12 35  9 3

2 4


53
Chapter 1 Differentiation

 900  729

125
1629

125

2
1
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

1.4 Parametric Differentiation

1. If x  f t  and y  g t  , then

dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx
dy
 dt
dx
dt
2.
d 2 y d  dy 
  
dx 2 dx  dx 

d  dy dt 
   
dx  dt dx 

d  dy dt 
   
dt  dx dx 

Example 1.10

dy
Find for the following functions.
dx
(a) x  4t 2 and y  2t ,
(b) x  4e t and y  2t 3  5t ,

Solution

dx
(a) x  4t 2 ,  8t
Chapter 1 Differentiation

dt
dy
y  2t , 2
dt

2
2
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx
1
 2
8t
1

4t

dx
(b) x  4et ,  4e t
dt
dy
y  2t 3  5t ,  6t 2  5
dt

dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx

 6t 2  5 
1
4e t
6t 2  5

4e t

Example 1.11

Given the parametric equations of the curve as x  10t 4  1 and

y  t 2  1 . Find,
dy
(a) in terms of t .
dx
d2y
(b) in terms of t .
dx 2
Chapter 1 Differentiation

d2y
(c) The value of when t  2
dx 2

2
3
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Solution
dx
(a) x  10t 4  1,  40t 3
dt
dy
y  t 2  1,  2t
dt

dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx

 2t  
1
40t 3
2t

40t 3
1

20t 2

(b)
d 2 y d  dy 
  
dx 2 dx  dt 

d  dy  dt
  
dt  dt  dx

d 1  1
  2 

dt  20t  40t 3

 1  d
    t 2  
1
 20  dt 40t 3

 1 
   2t 3  
1
 20  40t 3

 t 3  1
Chapter 1 Differentiation

  
 10  40t
3

1 1
 
10t 40t 3
3

1

400t 6
2
4
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

(c) When t  2,

d2y 1
 
dx 2 400t 6
1

4002 
6

1

25600

Chapter 1 Differentiation

2
5
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Exercises

1. Find the derivatives of the following functions from the first

principles
(a) f ( x)  3 x 3  7
(b) f ( x)  5 x 2  2 x

dy
2. Find of the following functions:
dx
3
(a) f ( x)  5 x 4  10 x 2   x3
x
1 1 
(b) f ( x)    3 2 x 4  6 x 
x x 
x3  2
(c) f ( x)  2
x 1
(d) f ( x)  x  x2  1

d2y d3y
3. Find and of the following functions:
dx 2 dx 3
(a) f ( x)  10 x 3  5x
1
(b) f ( x)  3 x 
x

4. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

(a) f ( x)  e3 x1  7 x
(b) f ( x)  2 x 3e x1
x2
(c) f ( x)  x
e

5. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

f ( x)  ln 2 x  3  log 2 10 x
Chapter 1 Differentiation

(a)
(b) f ( x)  ln  x 1  x 1 
(c) f ( x)  ln 2 x  1  ln 3x  1

2
6
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

6. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

(a) f ( x)  sin 4 x
(b) f ( x)  cosec 2 x 3
(c) 
f ( x)  tan 4 x 2  x 
dy
7. Find for the following functions:
dx
(a) y 2  x2  2x  3
(b) y 2  xy  x3  2 x

d2y
8. Find for the functions:
dx 2
(a) xy  x  y  2
(b) y 3  2 xy  3x 2  1

d2 y
9. Find the value of for the function xy  y 2  10 at point 3, 2 .
dx 2

dy
10. Find for the following functions:
dx
(a) x  t 2  3 and y  2t 3  4t
1
(b) x 2
and y  t  1
2

1
11. Given the parametric equations of the curve as x  t  and
t
1
y  t  . Find,
t
dy
(a) in terms of t .
Chapter 1 Differentiation

dx
d2y
(b) in terms of t .
dx 2
d2y
(c) The value of when t  1
dx 2

2
7
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Answers

1. (a) f ' ( x)  9 x 2
(b) f ' ( x)  10 x  2

dy 3 3 x
2. (a)  20 x 3  20 x  
dx 2 x3 2
dy 12
(b)  6x 2  3  2
dx x
dy x 4  3x 2  4 x
(c) 
dx x 2  12
dy x2 1  x
(d) 
dx 2 x 2  1 x  x 2  1

d2y d3y
3. (a)  60 x ,  60
dx 2 dx 3
d2y 3 3 d3y 9 15
(b)    ,  
dx 2 4 x3 4 x5 dx 3 8 x 5 8 x 7

dy
4. (a)  3e 3 x 1  7 x ln 7
dx
dy
(b)  2 x 2 e x 1 x  3
dx
dy 2 x1  x 
(c) 
dx ex

dy 2 1
 
Chapter 1 Differentiation

5. (a) dx 2 x  3 x ln 2
dy 1
(b) 
dx 4 x 2  1
dy 5
(c) 
dx 2 x  13x  1

2
8
 Chapter 1 Differentiation

dy
 4 cos 4 x
6. (a) dx
dy
(b)  6 x 2 cosec 2 x 3 cot 2 x 3
dx

(c)
dy 
  8x 
dx 
1 

 sec 2 4 x 2  x 
2 x

dy x  1

7. (a) dx y

dy 3x 2  y  2
(b) 
dx x  2y

d 2 y 2 y  1

8. (a)
dx 2 1  x 2
(b)

d 2 y 3 y 2  2 x 18 y 2  4 y   6 x  2 y 36 xy  6 y 2  4 x 

dx 2 3 y 2  2 x 3
d2y
 4
9. dx 2
dy 3t 2  2

10. (a) dx t
dy
(b)  t 4
dx

dy t 2  1
Chapter 1 Differentiation


11. (a) dx t 2  1
d2y 4t 3
(b) 
dx 2 t 2  1
3

d2y 1
(c) 
dx 2 2
2
9