Philadelphia University

Faculty of Engineering
Communication and Electronics Engineering

ANTENNAS and MICROWAVES

ENGINEERING
(650427)

Part 1 Dr. Omar R Daoud 1

Introduction

 Electromagnetic Waves (EM)

 Static EM (Electrostatic/ Magnetostatic) Fields
 Electric (stationary charges) and magnetic (steady current)
fields are independent each other
 Dynamic/Time varying EM Fields (Waves)
 Electric and magnetic fields are interdependent
 The current is time varying (moving/accelerated charges)
 They can be represented as
 E(x,y,z,t)
 H(x,y,z,t)

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Introduction

Faraday’s Law
 A static magnetic field produces no
current flow,
 In a closed loop, a time varying field
will produce an electromotive force
(emf) which leads to a flow current.
 An increasing magnetic field out of the
page induces the current or an emf.
 The continuous-conductive-loop
distributed resistance is modeled as a
series resistor Rdist

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Introduction

Transformer and motional emf

 Stationary Loop in Time Varying B
Field
 A stationary conducting loop is in a
time varying magnetic B field.
 Applying Stokes theorem

B
Vemf  
    E  dS    dS
t
Thus,
B
E  
t

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Introduction

Transformer and motional emf

 Stationary Loop in Time Varying B
Field
 Thus,
 The time varying electric field is not
conservative, or not equal to zero.
 The work done in taking a charge about
a closed path in a time varying electric
field, for example, is due to the energy
from the time varying magnetic field.

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Introduction

Transformer and motional emf

 Moving Loop in static B Field
 Due to the conducting loop movement
with u velocity, an emf is induced (the
force on a charge moving with uniform
velocity in magnetic field)

Vemf   Em  dL   u  B   dL
L

Figure 4-12 (p. 185)

Conductive bar moving along a pair of parallel conductive rails.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

2/26/2018 Dr. Omar R Daoud 6

Introduction

Transformer and motional emf

 Moving Loop in Time Varying Field

B
Vemf   Em  dL     dS   u  B   dL
t
S L

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Introduction

Transformer and motional emf

 Example
 The loop shown is inside a uniform
magnetic field B = 50 ax mWb/m2 . If
side DC of the loop cuts the flux lines
at the frequency of 50Hz and the loop
lies in the yz plane at time t = 0, find
the induced emf at t = 1 ms.

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Introduction

Transformer and motional emf

 Example
 Since the B field is time invariant, the
induced emf is motional, that is:
Vemf   Em  dL   u  B   dL
L
dL  dL DC  dza z
dL moving loop d
u  a  a
dt dt
  4 cm,   2f  100

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 Introduction

Transformer and motional emf

 Example
 Transforming the B field into
cylindrical coordinate, since u and dL
is in cylindrical coordinates:


B  B0a x  B0 cos a  - sin a 
B0 = 0.05
a a az
uB  0  0   B0 cos a z
B0 cos   B0 sin  0
u  B  dL   B0 cos dz  0.04100 0.05cos dz
 0.2 cos dz
2/26/2018 Dr. Omar R Daoud 10
Introduction

Transformer and motional emf

 Example

0.03
Vemf    0.2 cos dz  6 cos  mV
z 0

 To determine  recall that,

d
 dt
   t  C
 To calculate C, since the loop is in
the yz plane, then at
t  0,   
2

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Introduction

Transformer and motional emf

 Example
 Therefore,
 
Vemf  6 cos   6 cos t  
 2
 6 sin 100t  mV

 At t = 1 ms,

Vemf  6 sin100 (0.001)  5.825 mV

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Introduction

Displacement Current
 At Static field
 A conduction current density (related
to electric field Ohm’s Law) could be
defined

 The divergence of curl of a vector is

identically zero, thus it is clearly
invalid for time varying fields since it
violates the law of current continuity,
 Maxwell resolved this issue by
introducing the displacement current
density.
  H  Jc  Jd

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Introduction

Displacement Current
 At low frequencies, Jd (rate of
change of the electric flux density)
is usually neglected compared with
Jc. But at radio frequencies, the two
terms are comparable.
D
  H  Jc 
t

 H  dL   J c  dS  t  D  dS  ic  id

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Introduction

Displacement Current
 The generated i(t) according to
apply the sinusoidal voltage source
v(t) in the circuit is the conduction
current.
 Consider the loop surrounding the
plane surface S1.
 By static form: the circulation of H
must be equal to the current that cuts
through the surface. But, the same
current must pass through S2 that
passes between the plates of
capacitor.

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Introduction

Displacement Current
 The generated i(t) according to
apply the sinusoidal voltage source
v(t) in the circuit is the conduction
current.
 Consider the loop surrounding the
plane surface S1.
 But, there is no conduction current
passes through an ideal capacitor,
(where J=0, due to σ=0 for an ideal
dielectric ) flows through S2. This is
contradictory in view of the fact that
the same closed path as S1 is used.

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Introduction

Displacement Current
 The generated i(t) according to
apply the sinusoidal voltage source
v(t) in the circuit is the conduction
current.
 Consider the loop surrounding the
plane surface S1.
 But to resolve this conflict, the
current passing through S2 must be
entirely a displacement current,
where it needs to be included in
Ampere’s Circuital Law.

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Introduction

Displacement Current
 The generated i(t) according to
apply the sinusoidal voltage source
v(t) in the circuit is the conduction
current.
 Consider the loop surrounding the
plane surface S1.
 So we obtain the same current for
either surface though it is conduction
current in S1 and displacement
current in S2.
 Q
 H  dL   J d  dS  t  D  dS  t
 I   J  dS
S2 S2 S1

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Introduction

Maxwell Equations
 Gauss’s Law
  D  v  D  dS  Qenc
 Gauss’s Law for Magnetic Field
B  0  B  dS  0
 Faraday’s Law
B 
E  
tLaw  E  dL  
t  B  dS
 Ampere’s Circuital
D 
  H  Jc 
t
 H  dL   c
J  dS 
t  D  dS

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Introduction

Lossless TEM waves

 A Transverse Electromagnetic wave
mode (TEM) means:
 Both fields magnetic and electric are
always normal or perpendicular to each
other.
 TEM Waves has no E field or H field
components along the direction of
propagation. A plot of the equation E(z,0) = E0cos(z)ax at 10
 Consider an x-polarized wave MHz in free space with E0 = 1 V/m.

propagating in the +z direction in some

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth
Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

ideal medium characterized by µ and ε,

with σ = 0 (medium lossless).

Ez, t   E0 cost  z a x
1
    up  up 
 

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Introduction

Lossless TEM waves

 By applying Faraday’s Law
B H
E    
t t A plot of the equation E(z,0) = E0cos(z)ax at 10
ax ay az
   MHz in free space with E0 = 1 V/m.
E 
x y z Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth
Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

E0 cos t  z  0 0
  
   E0 cos t  z a y  E0 sin t  z a y
 z 
H
   E0 sin t  z a y
t
E0
 dH  
  sin t  z a y dt
E0
H cost  z a y  C
 If no conduction current, C must be zero.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

2/26/2018 Dr. Omar R Daoud 21

Introduction

Lossless TEM waves

 Example
 Suppose in free space that:
E(z,t) = 5.0 e-2zt ax V/m.
 Is the wave lossless?

 Find H(z,t).

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Introduction
  udv  uv   vdu 
u  t and dv  e2 zt dt.

Lossless TEM waves

 Example
 Since the wave has an attenuation term (e-2zt) it
is clearly not lossless.
 To find H a a a
x y z
H     5e2 zt  a  10te2 zt a
  E   o   
t x y z z y y

5e2 zt 0 0
10t 2 zt 10
dH  e dta y , H =  te2 zt dta y
 o o
 10t 2 zt 10 2 zt  A
H e  e  a
 2 o z 4 o z 2
y
 m

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Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 For the source point in a space of time
varying E field, a H field is induced in the
surrounding region.
 For a changing H field with time, an induced
E field will be found.
 Energy is pass back and forth between E and
H fields as they radiate away from the source
at the speed of light.
 In a free space, the constitutive parameters
are σ = 0, µr = 1, εr = 1, so the Ampere’s Law
and Faraday’s Law equations become :
B H
E      E   0
t t
D E
  H  Jc     H  0
t t

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Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 The EM waves radiates spherically, but at a
remote distance away from the source they
resemble uniform plane wave.
 In a uniform plane wave, the E and H fields
are orthogonal, or transverse to the direction
of propagation ( to propagate in TEM mode ).
 Consider

Ez, t   E0ez cost  z   a x E0 Initial amplitude at z = 0

2 1 2 dz 
E0 e z exponential terms  attenuation
  2f T   up    f
 f  dt   Angular frequency

 Phase constant

 Phase shift

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Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 Using Maxwell’s equation, the Helmholtz
wave equation can be derived as
E  2E
 E  
2
 
t 2
t

2Es  j   j Es

 2E s   2E s  0  2 
    
  1     1
where  is the propagation constant (consists of 2     
attenuation and phase constants) and defined as  
 2 
 j (  j )    j     
  1     1
2     
 

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 Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 The general solution for the Helmholtz wave
equation can be expressed as

Exs ( z )  E0 ez  E0ez

Ez, t   E0ez cost  z a x  E0ez cost  z a x

 The magnetic field can be found by applying
Faraday’s Law : j
    n   e j n
 E0 z E0 z    j
Hs   e  e a y
 j j  E0 
    tan 2 
 The intrinsic impedance can be defined as H 0 

E0 j
 
H 0 

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Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 The loss tangent is the ratio of magnitude of
conduction current density to displacement
current density in a lossy medium and can be
expressed as:
Jc E s 
   tan 
Jd jE s j
 tan δ is used to determine how lossy a
medium is
 Good (lossless or perfect) dielectric if
tan   1,   
 Good conductor if
tan   1 ,   

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Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 To determine the E, H and propagation
direction, the Fleming’s Left Hand Rule is
used. a P  aE  a H
 By knowing the EM wave’s direction of a H  a P  aE
propagation, given as unit vector ap, is the  aE  a P  a H
same as the cross product of Es with unit
vector, aE and Hs with unit vector aH :
ES  H S
aP 
ES  H S

1
HS  a P  ES

E S  a P  H S

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Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 Example
 Suppose in free space that:
H(x,t) = 100 cos(2π x 107t – βx + π/4) az mA/m.

Find E(x,t).

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Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 Example
 Since
H(x,t) = 100 cos(2π x 107t – βx + π/4) az mA/m.

H s  0.100e j x e j a z , a P  a x ,    4 
Es  a P  H s  120 a x  0.100e j x e j a z  12 e j x e j a y
So then,
E  12 cos t   x    a y
2 2
Since free space is stated,     2 30 rad m
 c f

 2  V
E  12 cos  2 x107 t  x  ay
 30 4 m

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Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 Example
 Suppose in free space that:
E (x,y,t) = 5 cos(π x 106t – 3.0x + 2.0y) az V/m.

Find
 H(x,y,t)

 The direction of propagation, ap

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Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 Example
 Since
E (x,y,t) = 5 cos(π x 106t – 3.0x + 2.0y) az V/m.
Es  5e j 3 x e j 2 y a z
 Es   j H s  j10e j 3 x e j 2 ya x  j15e j 3 xe j 2 ya y
j10  j 3 x j 2 y j15  j 3 x j 2 y
Hs  e e ax  e e a y  2.53e j 3 x e j 2 y a x  3.8e j 3 x e j 2 y a y
 jo  j
So that,

H( x, y, t )  2.53cos  x106 t  3x  2 y  a x  3.80cos  x106 t  3x  2 y  a y

A
m

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Introduction

EM waves: Fundamental and Equations

 Example
 Since
Es  H s
aP 
Es  H s
where
Es  H s  19e j 6 x e j 4 y a x  12.65e j 6 x e j 4 y a y

and then,
 
a p  0.83e j 6 x e j 4 y ax  0.55e j 6 x e j 4 y a y

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Introduction

EM waves: Propagations in different media

 Lossless, Charge – Free
 Charge free, ρv=0, medium has zero conductivity,
σ=0.   j (  j )    j

 j (0  j )  j 2 2   j     j
 This is the case where waves traveling in vacuum
or free space (free of any charges).
 Perfect dielectric is also considered as lossless
media.
 1 j 
  0 ,     p u      0  120 
 0  j 

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Introduction

EM waves: Propagations in different media

 Example (Lossless, Charge – Free)
 In a lossless, nonmagnetic material with :
εr = 16, and H = 100 cos(ωt – 10y) az mA/m.
 Determine :
 The propagation velocity
 The angular frequency
 The instantaneous expression for the electric field intensity.

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Introduction
EM waves: Propagations in different media
 Example (Lossless, Charge – Free)
The propagation velocity:
 c 3x108 m
up     0.75 x108
 r 16 s
The angular frequency:
  u p    0.75x108  10   7.5x108
rad
s
From given H field :
H( y, t )  100cos  7.5 x108 t  10 y  a z
mA
m
So, the time harmonic H field is:
H s  0.100e j y a z ,
120
Es  a P  H s  a y  0.100e j  y a z  3 e j  y a x
r
Finally, the instantaneous expression for E field is:

E( y, t )  9.4cos  7.5 x108 t  10 y  a x

V
m

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Introduction

EM waves: Propagations in different media

 Dielectric
 It is treated as a lossless approximation,
 It has a complex permittivity, complex
propagation constant with attenuation constant
greater than zero.
 The intrinsic impedance is also complex,
resulting a phase difference between E and H
fields.

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Introduction

EM waves: Propagations in different media

 Conductor
 In any decent conductor, the loss tangent,
σ/ωε>>1 or σ>>ωε so that σ ≈ ∞, so that:

j j   j 45  2
   (1  j )  up  
0
e
  j  2   


2
f

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Introduction

EM waves: Normal Incidence

 Consider a plane wave that are normally
incident which means the planar boundary
separating the two media is perpendicular to
the wave’s propagation direction.
E is  E0i e 1z e  j1z a x
 Generally, consider a time harmonic x-
polarized electric field incident from medium 1 E0i
H i
e 1z e  j1z a y
(µr1, εr1, σr1) to medium 2 (µr2, εr2, σr2) 1
s
E0i , E0r , E0t
Ei ( z, t )  E0i e1 z cost  1z a x E rs  E0r e1z e j1z a x The E field intensities
at z=0
E0r
  2  1 E0r H 
r
e1z e j1z a y
E0r  2 1 E0i  E0i ,   s
1
2  1 2  1 E0i
E ts  E0t e  2 z e  j 2 z a x
22 22 E0t
E0t  E0  E0 ,  
i i
 E0t
2  1 2  1 E0i H t
e  2 z e  j 2 z a y
2
s

 1  
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Introduction

EM waves: Normal Incidence

 Consider a plane wave that are normally
incident which means the planar boundary
separating the two media is perpendicular to
the wave’s propagation direction.
E is  E0i e 1z e  j1z a x
 Generally, consider a time harmonic x-
polarized electric field incident from medium 1 E0i
H i
e 1z e  j1z a y
(µr1, εr1, σr1) to medium 2 (µr2, εr2, σr2) 1
s
E0i , E0r , E0t
Ei ( z, t )  E0i e1 z cost  1z a x E rs  E0r e1z e j1z a x The E field intensities
at z=0
E0r
  2  1 E0r H 
r
e1z e j1z a y
E0r  2 1 E0i  E0i ,   s
1
2  1 2  1 E0i
E ts  E0t e  2 z e  j 2 z a x
22 22 E0t
E0t  E0  E0 ,  
i i
 E0t
2  1 2  1 E0i H t
e  2 z e  j 2 z a y
2
s

 1  
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Introduction

EM waves: Normal Incidence

 Standing wave pattern for an incident wave in
a lossless medium reflecting off a second
medium at z=0 where  = 0.5.

E 1 
SWR  max 
Emin 1  

 SWR is a measure of mismatch of the load to

the line.
 SWR=1 (matched)
 SWR →∞ (total mismatch)

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Introduction

EM waves: Normal Incidence

 Example
 A uniform planar waves is normally incident from media
1 (z < 0, σ = 0, µr = 1.0, εr = 4.0) to media 2 (z > 0, σ =
0, µr = 8.0, εr = 2.0). Calculate the reflection and
transmission coefficients seen by this wave.

2 1  120  8
 ; 1    60, 2   120  240
2  1  4  2

240  60 3
   0.60
240  60 5

  1    1.60

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Introduction

EM waves: Normal Incidence

 Example
 Suppose media 1 (z < 0) is air and media 2 (z > 0) has
εr = 16. The transmitted magnetic field intensity is
known to be:
Ht = 12 cos (ωt - β2z) ay mA/m.
Determine the instantaneous value of the incident
electric field.

 j 2 z mA Eot  j 2 z mA
Hts  12e ay  e ay
m 2 m
Eot mA V V
2  30, so  12 , E ot  0.36 , and  Est  1.13e j2 z a x
2 m m m

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Introduction

EM waves: Normal Incidence

 Example
 Since we know the relation between transmitted E field
and incident E field,

2 1 3 2
Eot   Eoi  1    Eoi ;     ,   1  
2  1 5 5
Eot
E 
i
 2.83, so  Eis  2.83e j1z a x
o


V
 E( z, t )  2.83cos t  1 z  a x .
m

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Introduction
EM waves: Oblique Incidence
 Plane of incidence  plane containing both a
normal to the boundary and the incident’s wave
propagation.
 The propagation direction is ai and the normal is
az, so the plane incidence is the x z plane. The
angle of incidence, reflection and transmission is
the angle that makes the field a normal to the
boundary.
 When EM Wave in plane wave form obliquely
incident on the boundary, it can be decomposed
into:
 Perpendicular Polarization, or transverse electric We need to decompose into its
(TE) polarization  The E Field is perpendicular TE and TM components
or transverse to the plane of incidence.
separately, and once the reflected
 Parallel Polarization, or transverse magnetic
(TM) polarization  The E Field is parallel to an the transmitted fields for each
the plane of incidence, but the H Field is polarization determined, it can be
transverse. recombined for final answer.

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Introduction
EM waves: Oblique Incidence (TE polarization)

By applying Snell’s Law,

i   r
1 sin t
 Eis  E0i e  j1  x sin  i  z cos  i a y
 2 sin i
E0i  j1  x sin  i  z cos  i 
 cos i  1 cos t i H is  e  cos ia x  sin ia z 
E0r  2 E0  TE E0i 1
2 cos i  1 cos t E rs  E0r e  j1  x sin  r  z cos  r a y
22 cos i E0r  j1  x sin  r  z cos  r 
E0t  E0i   TE E0i H rs  e cos  r a x  sin  r a z 
1 cos t  2 cos i 1
Ets  E0t e  j 2  x sin  t  z cos  t a y
 TE 1  TE
E0t  j 2  x sin  t  z cos  t 
H ts  e  cos t a x  sin t a z 
2

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 Introduction
EM waves: Oblique Incidence (TM polarization)
 cos t 1 cos i i
E0r  2 E0  TM E0i
2 cos t  1 cos i
22 cos i
E0t  E0i   TM E0i
1 cos i  2 cos t
cos i
 TM  1  TM 
cos t Eis  E0i e  j1  x sin  i  z cos  i  cos i a x  sin i a z 
For TM polarizations, there exists an incidence angle at E0i  j1  x sin  i  z cos  i 
H is  e ay
which all of the wave is transmitted into the second 1
medium  Brewster Angle, θi = θBA , where:
E rs  E0r e  j1  x sin  r  z cos  r  cos  r a x  sin  r a z 
 22 (22  12 ) sin  BA 
1
sin  BA  r E0r  j1  x sin  r  z cos  r 
22 12  12  22 1 1
H rs  e ay
r 2
1
When a randomly polarized wave such as light is Ets  E0t e  j 2  x sin  t  z cos  t  cos t a x  sin t a z 
incident on a material at the Brewster angle, the TM
E0t  j 2  x sin  t  z cos  t 
polarized portion is totally transmitted but a TE H ts  e ay
2
component is partially reflected.

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Introduction

EM waves: Oblique Incidence

 Example
 A 100 MHz TE polarized wave with amplitude 1.0 V/m
is obliquely incident from air (z < 0) onto a slab of
lossless, nonmagnetic material with εr = 25 (z > 0). The
angle of incidence is 40. Calculate:
 the angle of transmission,
 the reflection and transmission coefficients,
 the incident, reflected and transmitted for E fields.

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Introduction

EM waves: Oblique Incidence

 Example
 the angle of transmission,
 2 100 x106  rad  r rad
1    2.09 , 2   10.45 .
c 3x108 m c m
1 1 1 1
  ; sin t  sin 40o; t  7.4o
2 r2 5 5

 the reflection and transmission coefficients

120
1  120; 2    24
25
 cos i 1 cos t
TE  2  0.732;  TE  1  TE  0.268
2 cos i  1 cos t

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 Introduction

EM waves: Oblique Incidence

 Example
 the incident, reflected and transmitted for E fields.

E  1e

 j 2.09 x sin 40o  z cos 40o a  1e j1.34 x e j1.60 z a V V
Ei ( z, t )  1cos t  1.34 x  1.60 z  a y
i
s y y
m m
Eor  TE Eoi  0.732
V
E   0.732  e
r  j1.34 x  j1.60 z
e ay
V Er ( z, t )  0.732cos t  1.34 x  1.60 z  a y
s
m m

Er ( z, t )  0.268 cost  1.35 x  10.4 z a y

V
Eot   TE Eoi  0.268 m
 j 2  x sin t  z cost  V
Ets  0.268e a y  0.268e j1.35 x e j10.4 z a y
m

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Related History
 19th century
 1846 - earliest talk on EM wave, “Thoughts on ray vibrations,” Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
 1864 - “Maxwell’s equations,” James Clark Maxwell (1831-1879)
 1887 - first microwave-like experiment, “electric spark at λ~10cminduces at a distant wire loop,” Heinrich
Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894)
 1895 - wireless telegraphic communication and 1900 trans-Atlantic Ocean telegraph, Guglielmo Marconi
(1874-1937)
 20th century
 1921 - magnetron, A. W. Hull
 1930 - wave propagation in waveguide, George C. Southworth
 1937 - klystron, Russell Varian, Sigurd Varian and William Hansen World War II – radar, MIT Radiation
Laboratory
 ~1950 - coaxial cables for radio communication
 ~1960 - satellite communication
 ~1980 - remote sensing satellite, DBS (direct broadcast satellite)
 ~1990 - PCN/PCS (personal communications network/personal communication services), GPS (global
positioning system), VSAT (very small aperture terminals)
 ~2000 - Digital DBS, WLL (wireless local loop), GII (global information initiative) using mobile satellite
network, fibers, cables and wireless

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Frequency Band
 Commercial Broadcasting

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Frequency Band
 RF Bands

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Frequency Band
 Microwave Bands

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Important Factors
 Antenna Size
 as antenna size ~ λ, it radiates efficiently
 f, λ , size , radiation efficiency 
 Channel Bandwidth
 as f  available spectrum bandwidth 
 f  for wider information bandwidth transmission, especially digital
video transmission e.g.,
1% BW of AM radio @1MHz gives 1channel of 10kHz audio
bandwidth
0.1% BW of C-band satellite communication @6GHz gives 1
channel of 6MHz video bandwidth

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Important Factors
 Propagation through Atmosphere
 ground wave (LF band, 30-300KHz) travels over and
near the earth surface
 ground absorption loss, especially for h-polarization
 AM radio uses vertical polarization,
 sky wave (HF band, 3-30MHz) performs refraction
(signal bending) in ionosphere, plasma frequency ~
9MHz
 short-wave radio
 space wave (VHF, UHF and microwave, 30M-300GHz)
direct wave (line-of sight, LOS) and reflected wave
 interference or multi-path phenomenon
 low atmospheric attenuation and unaffected by rain and
cloud
 wireless, mobile, terrestrial and satellite
communication

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Devices
 In general, input/output matching is inherently required for microwave
components over the operating band.
 passive devices (without DC bias): diplexer, filter, coupler, power
divider/combiner, isolator, circulator, attenuator, adapter, terminator, cable,
transmission line, waveguide, resonator, detector, mixer, phase shifter, lumped
R, L, C, antenna,…
 active devices (with DC bias): amplifier, oscillator, switch, mixer, frequency
multiplier, active antenna, ….
 vacuum tube devices

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Devices
 Solid state devices

HBT: heterojuction bipolar transistor

MESFET: metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor
HEMT: high electron mobility transistor
MOSFET: metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor CMOS:
complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor IMPATT diode:
impact ionization avalanche transit-time diode
TRAPATT diode: trapped plasma avalanche triggered transit-time diode
BARITT diode: barrier injected transit-time diode
maser: microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
LSA diode: limited space-charge accumulation mode of the Gunn diode

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Devices
 Vacuum tube technology finds its applications in
high power (W-MW) and high frequency
(200MHz-200GHz)
 e.g., magnetron: kW CW source in microwave oven,
MW pulsed source in radar, traveling wave tube
amplifier: >10 W power amplifier in satellite, klystron:
local oscillator in receiver.
 Microwave solid-state devices are :
 low cost, low power supply, low noise, small, light
weight, easy cooling, reliable and long life time
compared with microwave tubes.

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Applications
 Growth and expansion of microwave technology move
from military and satellite applications into information
and entertainment applications.

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Introduction
Microwaves: General Description
 Transmission Lines

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Mechanism
 Vibration of EM waves from radiation source.
 Vibration produced from electric time varying
current source, which is in form of scattering
electrical charges.
 Mismatch between the characteristic impedance
of transmission line and open circuit at the other
end produces or generates reflected waves (as
static wave)

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Source- Single Wire
 The current density, Jz over the cross section of
the wire:
J z  qv v z

 If the wire is ideal conductor, the current density

Js resides on the surface as:
J S  qs v z
 Where qs is the surface charge density. If the
wire is very thin (ideally zero radius), the current
in the wire:
I z  ql v z
Where ql is the charge per unit length.

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Source- Single Wire
 The basic relation between current and charge, and
it also serves as the fundamental relation of EM
radiation.
dI z dv
l  lql z  lql a z
dt dt
 It states that to create radiation, there must be a
time varying current or an acceleration or
deceleration of charge.
 To create charge acceleration or deceleration, the
wire must be curved, bent, discontinuous or
terminated.
 To create periodic charge acceleration or
deceleration or time varying current, charge must be
oscillating in a time harmonic motion as for a λ/2
dipole.

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Source- Single Wire
 Important Notes:

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Source- Single Wire
 Configurations:

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Source- Single Wire
 Important Notes:

 Consider a pulse source attached to an open

ended conducting wire, connected to ground
through a discrete load at its open end:
 When the wire energized, free
electron/charges are in motion due to
electrical lines of force created by the source.
 The charges accelerate in the source end of
the wire, and decelerated during reflection
from its end

 It is suggested that radiated fields are

produced at each end and along the
remaining part of the wire.

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Source- Single Wire
 Important Notes:
 Stronger radiation with a more broad frequency
spectrum occurs if the pulses are of shorter or
more compact duration.
 Continuous time-harmonic oscillating charge
produces, ideally, radiation of single frequency
determined by f oscillation.
 Pulses radiates a broad bandwidth of radiation.
The shorter the pulse width, the broader the
spectrum.
 A sinusoidal waveform of current or charge leads
to a narrow spectrum of radiation; ideally zero
bandwidth at the frequency of the sinusoid if it
continues indefinitely.

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Source- Two Wires
 Consider a voltage source connected to a two
conductor transmission line which connected to an
antenna.
 It creates an E field between the conductors.
 The E field has associated with it electric lines of force
that tangent to the E field at each point and its strength
is due to its intensity.
 Have tendency to act on free electrons (easily
detachable from atoms) and force them to be
displaced.
 The movement creates currents and in turn creates H
field intensity.

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Source- Two Wires
 The creation of time varying electric and magnetic fields
between the conductors forms EM waves which travel
along the transmission line.
 The EM waves enter the antenna and associated with them
electric charges and corresponding currents. If remove part
of the antenna, free space waves can be formed by
connecting the open ends of the E lines.
 The free space waves are also periodic but a constant
phase point P0 moves outwardly with the speed of light and
travels a distance of λ/2 (to P1) in the time of one half of
period.
 Close to the antenna the constant phase point P0 moves
faster than the speed of light but approaches the speed of
light at points far away from the antenna.

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Source- Two Wires
 The water waves created by the dropping of pebble in a
calm body of water, where once the disturbance initiated,
water waves are created which begin to travel outwardly.
 When the EM waves are within the transmission line and
antenna, their existence is associated with the presence of
the charges inside the conductors.
 When the waves are radiated, they form closed loops and
there are no charges to sustain their existence.
 This leads us to conclude that electric charges are required
to excite the fields but are not needed to sustain them and
may exist in their absence. This is direct analogy with water
waves.

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Radiation Source- Two Wires

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Current Distribution- a Thin Wire
 For a lossless two wire TLs, movement of charges creates a
traveling wave current, I0/2 along each wires.
 At the end, it undergoes a complete reflection (equal
magnitude and 1800 phase reversal).
 When it combines with incident traveling wave, forms a pure
standing wave pattern.
 Radiation for each wire occurs  time varying nature of
current and the termination of the wire.
 For two-wire balanced (symmetrical) TL, the current in a half
cycle of one wire is the same magnitude but 1800 out of
phase for corresponding half cycle other wire.
 If the spacing between two wires is very small (s<<λ) , the
fields radiated by the current of each wire are cancelled each
other. The net result is an almost ideal non-radiating
transmission line.

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Current Distribution- a Thin Wire
 As the section begins to flare, it can be assumed
that the current distribution is essentially unaltered
in form in each of the wires. But due to the two
wires of the flared section are not close to each
other, the fields radiated by one do not cancel
those of the other. Ideally, there is a net radiation
by the TL system.

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Current Distribution- a Thin Wire
 This is the geometry of widely used
dipole antenna.
 If l<λ, the phase of current standing wave
pattern in each arm is the same
throughput its length.
 Spatially it is oriented in the same
direction as that of the other arm.
 The field radiated by the two arms of the
dipole (vertical parts of a flared TL).

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Introduction
Concept of Radiation
 Current Distribution- a Thin Wire
 The fields radiated will primarily reinforce each
other toward most directions of observation
 If the diameter of each wire is very small (d<<λ)
, the ideal standing wave pattern along the
arms of dipole is sinusoidal with a null at the
end. For center-fed dipoles, the current patterns
are:

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