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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design
This research was established to know the correlation between students’
vocabulary mastery, students’ self confidence and their speaking ability in 2nd
semester students of English Education Department. It applied quantitative
research design. The quantitative data deals primarily with numbers. Quantitative
research seeks to establish relationships among variables and look for and
sometimes explain the causes of such relationships. Quantitative research has
implication to verify a theory base on calculation. In quantitative study we rely
more on positivist principles and use a language of variables and hypotheses.
This research also applied co-relational method as method to know the
correlation between students’ vocabulary mastery, self confidence and their
speaking ability. Borg, W.R., Gall, M.D in Mohammad Adnan Latief (2014)
defined that correlation is the measurement of the co-relationship between two or
more variables using co-relational statistics. According Neil J. Salkind (2012:205)
co-relational research “describes the linier relationship between two or more
variables without any hint of attributing the effect of one variable on another.
Based on the previous statements, the major purpose of co-relational research is to
clarify our understanding of important phenomena by identifying relationships
among variable.
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This research had been aimed to correlate three variables. They were
students’ vocabulary mastery, students’ self confidence and their speaking ability.
There are three variables in this research, namely variable X1, variable X2and Y.
Variable X1 was students’ vocabulary mastery, variable X2 was students’ self
confidence and variable Y was students’ speaking ability. Therefore, it
categorized as multiple correlation because it correlates two or more variables
called predictor variable and one criterion variable. Predictor variable involves
students’ vocabulary mastery and self confidence whereas criterion variable
involves students’ speaking ability. The data had been calculated by SPSS. 19 For
windows.
3.2 Population and Sample
3.2.1 Population
Population is the whole objects or subjects in a district that fulfill
criteria and there is connection with problem of research.
In this research, researcher took all of 2nd semester students in
English Education Department of IAIN Ponorogo in academic year 2017-
2018 as population. Based on the data, the total numbers of the population
were 103 students and they were divided into 3 classes. Each class had
different numbers of students. There were 34 students in A class, 35
students in B class, and 34 students in C class.
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3.2.2 Sample
Sample is part of population. According to Charles C.M, (1995) in
Mohammad Adnan Latief (2013) “sample is a small group of people
selected to represent the much larger entire population from which it is
drawn. Sample which is taken must be representative since it influence to
the result of research. It means, the representative sample will support the
research. There were some theories to calculate the number of sample. To
determine the number of sample, the researcher used a sampling technique
by Issac and Michael.
Table 3.1
Issac and Michael Table
N n
1% 5% 10%
103 87 78 73
The guidelines of sampling technique by Isaac and Michael were if
its population is 103, so the researcher took 78 students as sample by using
5% error level. All students in 2nd semester students of English Education
Department of IAIN Ponorogo were 103 students and they were the
population in this research. So, researcher took 78 students as sample with
5 % standard of error.
The way to get sample which is utilized by researcher is probability
sampling technique. Probability sampling technique is sampling technique
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that gives same opportunity for each member of population that is used as
sample. There are some types of probability sampling and researcher
applied proportional random sampling as technique to get sample.
Proportional random sampling is way to get sample according the
proportion. Proportional random sampling is applied because the whole
students of each class are different. The concept proportional random
sampling in this research is researcher determines the proportions of each
class and then the researcher get sample randomly according the numbers
of proportion.
3.3 Instrument Data Collection
Actually, quantitative research is measuring something. Tool which
is used to measure variable in research called instrument. Instrument is
used to collect data of research by measuring each variable. Andita Dessy
Wulansari (2012:51) stated “Instrument is toll which is used to measure
nature phenomenon or social phenomenon in a research.”
In this thesis, researcher applied a test, questioner and
documentation as instruments for collecting data. A test utilized to obtain
data about students’ vocabulary mastery. Then, Questionnaire was
instrument to collect data about self confidence and documentation was
applied to collect data about students’ speaking ability. The numbers of try
out test items to get data about student vocabulary mastery were 25 items
and the numbers of try out items to get data about self confidence were 36
items. All items still required to fulfill validity test and reliability test.
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The design instrument of students’ vocabulary test and
questionnaire of self confidence for validity test and reliability test are
shown at this table:
Table 3.2
Design instrument to collect data by vocabulary test for validity test (Tryout)
VARIABLE DIMENSION INDICATOR Number of items Total
Students’ 1.The Form 1.1 Student can 1, 3, 5, 9,11, 11
vocabulary understand various 14,16,18,20,23,25
kinds of words
mastery
(part of speech)
5
1.2 student be able 2, 8, 10, 17, 24
to determine form
of words involves
(speeling,
structure)
2.The 2.1 students are 4, 6, 7, 12,13, 15, 9
Meaning able to understand 19, 21, 22,
the meaning of
words involves
(appropriate in
context, similar
meaning, opposite
meaning)
TOTAL ITEMS 25
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Table 3.3
Design of Instrument to Collect Data by Questionnaire Technique
for validity test (Tryout)
Dimension Number of item Total
Numbers
Favorable Unfavorable
1.Ambitious 1,13,25 7,19,31 6
2.Goal Oriented 8,20,32 2,14,26 6
3.Communication 3,15,27 9,21,33 6
4.Visionary 10,22,34 4,16,28 6
5.Loving and kind 5,17,29 11,23,35 6
6.Atractive 12,24,36 6,18,30 6
TOTAL 36
In the quantitative research, the instrument of data collection
qualified with the validity of instrument and reliability of instrument. Both of
them were utilized to avoid an error measurement in measuring each variable.
They also used to maximize ability an instrument for collecting data.
a. Validity of Instrument
Validity refers to the integrity of instrument. It means that validity
instrument was an appropriate instrument for measuring variable. Valid
instrument means an instrument can be used to measure what will be
measured. To measure whether the instrument is valid or not, researcher
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applied the enter SPSS.19 windows programs. The result of validity test
were in the table below:
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Table 3.4
Items validity of instrument for students’ vocabulary test
No Numb of test Indexes of r “table” characteristic
item correlation
1 Item 1 0,706 0,413 valid
2 Item 2 0,564 0,413 valid
3 Item 3 0,299 0,413 invalid
4 Item 4 0,645 0,413 valid
5 Item 5 0,540 0,413 valid
6 Item 6 0,451 0,413 valid
7 Item 7 0,621 0,413 valid
8 Item 8 0,670 0,413 valid
9 Item 9 0,629 0,413 valid
10 Item 10 0,240 0,413 invalid
11 Item 11 0,467 0,413 valid
12 Item 12 0,415 0,413 valid
13 Item 13 0,337 0,413 invalid
14 Item 14 0,656 0,413 valid
15 Item 15 0,468 0,413 valid
16 Item 16 0,580 0,413 valid
17 Item 17 0,726 0,413 valid
18 Item 18 0,252 0,413 invalid
19 Item19 0,580 0,413 valid
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20 Item 20 0,295 0,413 invalid
21 Item 21 0,601 0,413 valid
22 Item 22 0,471 0,413 valid
23 Item 23 0,418 0,413 valid
24 Item 24 0,616 0,413 valid
25 Item 25 0,483 0,413 valid
The question means valid if the indexes of correlation ≥ r table. In
this research r table was 0,590 with 5% degree of significant. From the table
above, there were 20 questions with the indexes of correlation ≥ 0,413.
These intruments could be used as instruments as the sample of research.
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Table 3.5
Items validity of instrument for self confidence questionnaire
No Numb of Indexes of r “table” characteristic
questionnaire correlation
item
1 Item 1 0,705 0,413 valid
2 Item 2 0,557 0,413 valid
3 Item 3 0,285 0,413 invalid
4 Item 4 0,607 0,413 valid
5 Item 5 0,755 0,413 valid
6 Item 6 0,512 0,413 valid
7 Item 7 0,015 0,413 invalid
8 Item 8 0,388 0,413 invalid
9 Item 9 0,738 0,413 valid
10 Item 10 0,468 0,413 valid
11 Item 11 0,504 0,413 valid
12 Item 12 0,514 0,413 valid
13 Item 13 0,611 0,413 valid
14 Item 14 0,416 0,413 invalid
15 Item 15 0,723 0,413 valid
16 Item 16 0,565 0,413 valid
17 Item 17 0,311 0,413 invalid
18 Item18 0,491 0,413 valid
19 Item19 0,450 0,413 valid
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20 Item 20 0,375 0,413 invalid
21 Item 21 0,284 0,413 invalid
22 Item 22 0,360 0,413 invalid
23 Item 23 0,685 0,413 valid
24 Item 24 0,402 0,413 invalid
25 Item 25 0,548 0,413 valid
26 Item 26 0,683 0,413 valid
27 Item 27 0,716 0,413 valid
28 Item 28 0,473 0,413 valid
29 Item 29 0,485 0,413 valid
30 Item 30 0,524 0,413 valid
31 Item 31 0,402 0,413 invalid
32 Item 32 0,514 0,413 valid
33 Item 33 0,593 0,413 valid
34 Item 34 0,578 0,413 valid
35 Item 35 0,512 0,413 valid
36 Item 36 0,512 0,413 valid
The question means valid if the indexes of correlation ≥ r table. In
this research r table is 0,413 with 5% degree of significant. From 36
questions, there were 25 questions with the indexes of correlation ≥
0,413. These points could be used as the questionnaire instrument for
the true sample of research.
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b. Reliability of Instrument
Not only validity, but also reliability is important for an instrument.
To measure whether the instrument is reliable or not, the researcher was
also used the enter SPSS windows programs
Table 3.6
The reliabilty of instrument for students’ vocabulary mastery
Out put reliability of vocabulary test
Scale: ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 23 100.0
Excludeda 0 .0
Total 23 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the
procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
.891 20
From SPSS measurement, it proved that vocabulary test
instruments had reliability coefficient 0,891. The instrument were reliable
if the value of alpha croncbach > r table. Based on the calculation, the
result proved that the instruments were reliable and it has strong reliability
criteria. The instruments were already used to the true sample of research.
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Table 3.6
The reliability of instrument for self confidence questionnaire
Out put reliability of questionnaire
Scale: ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 23 100.0
Excludeda 0 .0
Total 23 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the
procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
.921 27
Based on SPSS.19 measurement, it proved that questionnaire of
self confidence had reliability coefficient 0,921. It proved that the
instruments were reliable and it had very strong reliability criteria. Those
instruments were already used to the true sample of research.
3.4 Technique of Collection Data
Data is main requirement in a research activity. In this research,
researcher applied test, questionnaire and documentation as instruments
for collecting data about students’ vocabulary mastery, self confidence and
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students’ speaking ability. To clear this technique, the writer discussed the
ways of collecting data using some instruments as follows:
a. Test
The first instrument of data collecting in this research was test.
The test was a method of measuring person’s ability or knowledge in a
given domain. This instrument for collecting data involved some
exercises which was applied to measure students’ knowledge,
aptitude, or their intelligence. In this research, test was used to gather
data about students’ vocabulary mastery.
b. Questionnaire
The second instrument of data collecting in this research was
questionnaire. Questionnaire was technique data collection that was
used with giving some questions to the respondent. It was appropriate
used in this research. Questionnaire likes question or statement that is
given to the respondent directly or it is sent via pos or internet.
Questionnaire will help to the respondent answer quickly and it will
help researcher to analyze data against all questionnaire that is
collected.
The researcher applied questionnaire to collect data about student’s
self confidence toward speaking skill in 2nd semester students’ of
English education department. Researcher used closed questionnaire
as form to collect data. It involve of several questions those are
espoused alternative answers that is provided. All items of
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questionnaire are 25 numbers of multiple choice items that provide
with 4 answers. Scale that is used in this research is likert scale. Likert
scale is used to measure attitude, opinion, and statement by people
about social phenomenon. By this likert scale, the variable that
measured was developed into the some dimension. Then, those
dimensions were used as a starting point to arrange the items of
instrument. Scoring of multiple choice items related as following:
For the favorable answer:
a. The score of option (A) is 4
b. The score of option (B) is 3
c. The score of option (C) is 2
d. The score of option (D) is 1
For the unfavorable answer:
a. The score of option (A) is 1
b. The score of option (B) is 2
c. The score of option (C) is 3
d. The score of option (D) is 4
c. Documentation
Documentation is kind of important technique to get data about
everything or variable which is in form of note, transcript, book,
newspaper, magazine, meeting result, agenda, etc. Documentation
is a written record of an event, discussion, or observation by one or
more individual.
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In this research, documentation was applied to obtain data
on students’ condition and students’ speaking achievement of the
2nd semester students of English Education Department of IAIN
Ponorogo in academic year 2017-2018.
Some steps that were applied to gather data from
documentation method as follow:
a. Researcher prepared for collecting data about students’
speaking achievement based on the result of final-test of 2nd
semester students in English education department of IAIN
Ponorogo in academic year 2017-2018. Based on data, the
lecture who teached speaking class of the second semester of
English education department was Mr. Dedi Hasnawan. He
teached all speaking classes of second semester students in
English education department of IAIN Ponorogo. He used
analytical scoring rubric as the guidelines for assessing
speaking. The analytical scoring rubric is shown at this table
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Table : Analytical Scoring Rubric for Assessing Speaking
Grammar Vocabulary Comprehension Fluency Pronunciation
5 Equivalent speech on Equivalent to has Equivalent to
to that of all level is that of an complete an fully
an fully educated native fluently in accepted by
educated accepted speaker the educated
native and breadth language native
speaker of speakers
vocabulary
4 Error high degree Can understand able to use Errors in
grammar of any the pronunciation
are quite vocabulary conversation language are quite rare
rare within the range fluently on
of experience all level
normally
3 Control vocabulary Comprehension Can Errors never
grammar is broad is quite discuss interfere with
is good enough that complete at a particular understanding
he rarely normal rate of interest of and rarely
has to speech contents disturb the
group for a with native
word reasonable speaker.
ease. rarely
has group
of word
2 Confident has Can get the gist can handle Accent is
control the speaking of most with intelligible
grammar vocabulary conversations confidence though often
sufficient to of non- but not quite faulty
express technical with
himself subject facility
most social
situation
1 Too much Speaking Within the no specific Error in
error vocabulary scope of his fluency pronunciation
grammar inadequate very limited description are frequent
to express language but can be
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anything experience, can understood by
but the understand a a native
most simple question speaker
elementary
need
No. Indicator Scoring
1. Grammar 5x4 20
2. Vocabulary 5x4 20
3. Fluency 5x4 20
4. Pronunciation 5x4 20
5. Comprehension 5x4 20
Total score 100
In collecting data, the researcher required 7 weeks and it had been done some
following steps, they were as folows:
No Time The activity of research
1 Researcher asked permission to the institution
2 Researcher conducted validity test to the 4th semester
of English education department
3 Researcher gave test and questionnaire to class A
4 Researcher gave test and questionnaire to class C
5 Researcher documented students speaking
achievement to Mr. Dedy Hasnawan as their teacher
6 Researcher gave test and questionnaire to class B
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7 Researcher calculate and analyze the data
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis
The data that have been collected by using research instrument will be
analyzed. Before using statistical formula, researcher needs to know the
assumption that is used in the use of the formula. By knowing the basic
assumption in using the formula, it would be more prudent in employing
formula and making calculation. Retno Widyaningrum (2011) said that the
calculation is required to test the assumption / requirement, so in the use of the
formula and the obtained result is do not deviate from the occur certainty. This
requirement test is occurred to use of the parametric formula which the data are
normal assumed. The data have to fulfill the requirement test that is normality
test. Therefore, the researcher applied SPSS 19 for windows to find out the
normality test.
After conduct normality test, the researcher was testing hypothesis using
correlation analysis, namely Product Moment Correlation and Multiple
Correlations as suggested by Andhita Dessy Wulansari. Andhita(2012) said
that Product Moment Correlation is correlation technique that is used to find
out correlation between two or more variable. And she also said that Multiple
Correlations is a value that indicates the strength of the relationship between
the two or more variables together with other variable. The formula of Product
Moment Correlation is aimed to find:
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1. Test whether there is positive correlation between students’ vocabulary
mastery (X1) and speaking ability (Y)
2. Test whether there is positive correlation between self confidence (X2) and
speaking ability (Y)
Then, the formula of Multiple Correlations is purposed to:
3. Test whether there is positive correlation between students’ vocabulary
mastery (X1), self-confidence (X2), and speaking ability (Y)
Afterwards, the researcher applied SPSS 19 for windows to find out of
three hypotheses above. After getting the results from calculating hypotheses,
the statistical hypotheses can be formulated as follow:
1. H0 = rx1y < rt
It means that there is no correlation between students’ vocabulary mastery
(X1) and students’ speaking ability (Y)
Ha = rx1y > rt
It means that there is correlation between students’ vocabulary mastery
(X1) and students’ speaking ability (Y)
2. H0 = rx2y < rt
It means that there is no correlation between self-confidence (X2) and
students’ speaking ability (Y)
Ha = rx2y > rt
It means that there is correlation between self-confidence (X2) and
students’ speaking ability (Y)
3. Ho = Sig.F change > 0,05
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It means that there is no correlation between students vocabulary mastery
(X1), self-confidence (X2) simultaneously and students’ speaking
ability(Y)
Ha = Sig.F change < 0,05
It means that there is correlation between students’ vocabulary mastery
(X1), self-confidence (X2) simultaneously and students’ speaking
ability(Y)
